tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74848229765017563252024-03-17T00:24:42.419-07:00Catatan prestasi Guru BiologiBlog ini berisi beberapa catatan tentang aktivitas ku sebagai guru, sharing beberapa karya tulis dan informasi mengenai Biologi.Semoga bermanfaat dan menjadi inspirasi untuk memajukan pendidikan di Indonesiaprestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.comBlogger253125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-88023866483766332652022-03-06T02:10:00.002-08:002022-03-06T19:09:33.277-08:00SIMULASI UTBK 2022<p> Assalamu alaiku wr wb</p><p>Detik-detik menjelas UTBK adalah saat-saat yang mendebarkan bagi pada Pejuang PTN, tidak hanya siswa, orang tua pun harap-harap cemas, tentang peluang anak mereka untuk bisa lolos di PTN yang dicita-citakan. Guru pun juga tidak kalah perannya untuk mempersiapkan agar murid-muridnya memiliki kompetensi yang baik sehingga dapat mengerjakan semua bentuk soal UTBK 2022.</p><p>Untuk mempersiapkan kemampuan murid pada soal UTBK, maka harus secara rutin dilakukan simulasi soal-soal UTBK agar murid terus diasah kompetensinya. </p><p>Berikut ini soal simulasi Biologi beserta dengan pembahasannya. Dengan harapan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi seluruh siswa kelas XII di Indonesia untuk bisa bersiap dan berjuang</p><p>Selamat berlatih semoga sukses.</p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><b>BIOLOGI</b></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Informasi di bawah ini
digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan nomor 121 sampai dengan 124</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Undur undur laut atau ketam
pasir hidup di pasir pantai pada garis air laut. Kandungan gizi undur undur
laut terbilang cukup tinggi, selain bermanfat secara ekonomi, undur-undur laut
berperan secara ekologi karena bertindak sebagai konsumen 1 dalam rantai
makanan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai indikator pencemaran untuk merkuri, karena
dapat mengakumulasi logam tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Karakteristik
yang <i>tidak </i>dimiliki oleh undur-undur laut .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">kepala dan dada bersatu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">memiliki sepasang antenna <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">eksoskeleton dari kitin <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">memiliki karapaks <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">kaki lima pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">sebuah</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> terdapat komponen berikut
ini : <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>undur-undur laut <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(2) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>camar <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>detritus <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senyawa organik <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(5)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dekomposer <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Urutan
rantai makanan yang tepat ditunjukan oleh .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3)-(1)-(2)-(4)-(5) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3)-(5)-(1)-(4)-(2) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3)-(4)-(5)-(1)-(2) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4)-(5)-(3)-(1)-(2) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4)-(3)-(5)-(1)-(2) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Undur-undur
laut </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">berbeda</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> dengan undur-undur darat,
perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembagian tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(2) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem peredaran darah <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah kaki <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rongga tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1), (2), dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1) dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (2) dan (4) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika hanya (4) yang betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika semuanya betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jika
terjadi pencemaran merkuri pada sebuah ekosistem laut , kandungan tertinggi
ditemukan pada .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">produsen <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">konsumen 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">konsumen 2 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">konsumen 3 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">dekomposer <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sepasang
suami istri berkulit normal memiliki anak yang albino berapa kemungkinan 3 anak
berikutnya normal jika pasangan tersebut merencanakan memiliki 4 anak .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9/64 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9/256 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">27/64 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">27/256 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">64/256 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Berikut
tergolong sistem endomembran, KECUALI .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">karioteka <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">mitokondria <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">retikulum endoplasma <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">badan golgi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">lisosom <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketika
kita makan kacang tanah, bagian yang kita makan mengandung .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>endosperma <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(2) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>amilum <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>embrio <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>protein <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1), (2), dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1) dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (2) dan (4) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika hanya (4) yang betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika semuanya betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhatikan
mutasi kromosom berikut ini! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmmO9pSZjZi-bxkst8519VwrYs4BSa5NYTCDwUD2sFUfzhPHuh3dSaOpjc73GRUr2lyNfT3Dd-TMVFHVKDjhMXDlfkYiGskbXpBeQjKnmDiz6lw3o8S9i_KHGFlCT2QcKzq61qjVmD3u7capQZeKmu3MrFX_cc5a9cF3yJdK2TWkp18lbIv3L5cFLs=s337" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="127" data-original-width="337" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmmO9pSZjZi-bxkst8519VwrYs4BSa5NYTCDwUD2sFUfzhPHuh3dSaOpjc73GRUr2lyNfT3Dd-TMVFHVKDjhMXDlfkYiGskbXpBeQjKnmDiz6lw3o8S9i_KHGFlCT2QcKzq61qjVmD3u7capQZeKmu3MrFX_cc5a9cF3yJdK2TWkp18lbIv3L5cFLs=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jenis
mutasi pada nomor 1 dan 2 secara berturut-turut …. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">inversi parasentrik –
katenasi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">inversi perisentrik –
katenasi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">translokasi resiprok –
katenasi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">translokasi non resiprok –
katenasi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">duplikasi – translokasi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada
salah satu bagian organ pencernaan ayam suka ditemukan adanya kerikil yang
membantu pencernaan mekanik. Organ pencernaan tersebut adalah .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">crop <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ventrikulus <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">proventrikulus <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">sekum <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">kloaka <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pinus
merkusii </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">tidak
dapat melakukan autogami karena .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">berumah dua <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">isolasi musim <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">uniseksual <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">berumah satu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">isolasi gamet <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hasil
reaksi terang yang dimanfaatkan untuk proses regenerasi pada reaksi gelap
fotosintesis adalah .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ATP <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NADPH</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H<sup>+ </sup></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">O <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Berikut
contoh daun tumbuhan yang memiliki anatomi kranz yang terlibat pada proses
sintesis karbohidrat pada peristiwa fotosintesis .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .8pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.8pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">tebu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .8pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.8pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">gandum <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .8pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.8pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">kedelai <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .8pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.8pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">anggrek <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">bombai <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Peptidoglikan
merupakan senyawa yang dapat ditemukan pada .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">plasmid bakteri <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">mesosom <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">membran sel alga biru <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">dinding sel bakteri <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">kapsid virus <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
mengurangi penguapan ketika suhu tinggi daun tanaman <i>Zea mays </i>menggulung,
bagian yang berperan pada proses tersebut adalah .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">buliform <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">spina <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">trikoma <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .65pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.65pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">emergensia <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">velamen <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengeluaran
keringat merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh .
Proses tersebut melibatkan .... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hipothalamus <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(2) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>glandula sudorifera <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>integumen <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(4)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>brandikinin <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(A)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1), (2), dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(B)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (1) dan (3) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(C)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika (2) dan (4) betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.75pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(D)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika hanya (4) yang betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(E)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">jika semuanya betul <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><b>Pembahasan</b></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">76.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab:
B </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Undur-undur laut tergolong crustaceae/dekapoda yang
memiliki beberapa ciri antara lain : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">tubuh terbagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu cephalotoraks/kepala dan
dada bersatu dan abdomen/perut <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">memiliki dua pasang antena <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">eksoskeleton dari kitin <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">memiliki karapaks/rangka luar yang keras <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">kaki lima pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">77.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab:
A </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Urutan rantai makanan : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detritus (3) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">undur-undur laut (1) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">camar
(2) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">senyawa
organik (4) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">dekomposer (5) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">78.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: B </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Undur-undur laut<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Undur-undur darat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Golongan <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Crustaceae <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Insekta <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2 bagian <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3 bagian <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Kaki <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5 pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3 pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Antena <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2 pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1 pasang <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ekskresi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Kelenjar hijau <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Badan malphigi <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">79.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: D </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jika terjadi pencemaran merkuri pada sebuah ekosistem maka
kandungan tertinggi ditemukan pada tingkat trofi tertinggi pada rantai makanan
tersebut yaitu konsumen tingkat 3. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">80.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: C </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">AA <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Aa <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Aa <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 4.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">aa <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Normal
(A) = ¾ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Albino
(a) = ¼ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Segitiga
paskal <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Kemungkinan
: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> 1
1
= jumlah anak 1 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> 1 2 1 =
jumlah anak 2 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> 1 3 3 1 = jumlah anak 3 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1 4
6 4 1 =
jumlah anak 4 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(A+a)<sup>4</sup>
= </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A<sup>4</sup> + </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A<sup>3</sup>a<sup>1</sup> + </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A<sup>2</sup>a<sup>2</sup> + </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A<sup>1</sup>a<sup>3</sup> + </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<sup>4</sup> = 4(3/4)<sup>3</sup> (1/4)<sup>1</sup> =
108/256 atau 27/64 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">81.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: B </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sistem endomembran adalah himpunan membran yang membentuk
unit fungsional dan perkembangan tunggal, baik yang terhubung bersama-sama
secara langsung, atau bertukar materi melalui transportasi vesikel. Sistem
endomembran terdiri dari : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">selubung nukleus / karioteka <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">retikulum endoplasma <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">badan Golgi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">lisosom <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .55pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.55pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">vakuola <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">membran plasma <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">82.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: E </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Biji
kacang tanah yang kita makan mengandung : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">lapisan
aleuron yang tersusun dari protein <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">endosperma/cadangan
makanan yang mengandung amilum <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">embrio <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">83.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: C </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gambar 1 menunjukkan : translokasi resiprok : gen
berpindah ke masing – masing kromosom non homolog (K</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">C, C </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">à </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">K) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Gambar
2 : katenasi yaitu kromosom membentuk cincin / lingkaran</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">84.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: B </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Kerikil suka di temukan pada bagian lambung
pengunyah/ventrikulus ayam yang berfungsi membantu pencernaan mekanik . <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Yang dimaksud dengan “ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.5pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">crop/ tembolok : menyimpan makanan sementara <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.5pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">proventrikulus/lambung kelenjar : berfungsi untuk
pencernaan kimiawi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 1.5pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">sekum : usus buntu <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">kloaka : tempat bermuaranya 3
saluran yaitu pencernaan, ekskresi dan reproduksi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">85.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: C </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pinus merkusii </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">tidak dapat melakukan autogami/ penyerbukan sendiri karena
uniseksual/ berkelamin satu yaitu dalam satu strobilus hanya ditemukan
makrospora atau mikrospora saja. Penyerbukan yang dilakukan adalah geitonogami/
penyerbukan tetangga. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">86.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: A </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Beberapa zat yang dihasilkan pada reaksi terang
fotosintesis antara lain : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ATP
: digunakan untuk pembentukan DPA/DPGA dari APG/PGA, pembentukan RDP/RuBP
kembali dari ALPG/PGAL/G3P, peristiwanya disebut regenerasi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">NADPH</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt;">2 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">: digunakan untuk membentuk
ALPG/PGAL/G3P tahapnya digolongkan pada reduksi <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">O</span><span style="font-size: 6.5pt;">2 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">: dilepaskan ke lingkungan <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">87.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: A </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tumbuhan yang memiliki anatomi kranz yang terlibat pada
proses sintesis karbohidrat pada peristiwa fotosintesis dimiliki oleh golongan
tumbuhan C4, antara lain : tebu, jagung, sorgum dll. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">88.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: D </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Peptidoglikan
(peptida dan glikogen) merupakan senyawa penyusun dinding sel bakteri dan alga
biru. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">89.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: A </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bagian yang membantu menggulungnya daun tumbuhan <i>Zea
mays </i>ketika suhu tinggi yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi penguapan adalah
buliform/sel kipas. Yang dimaksud dengan : <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">spina/duri sebenarnya : penonjolan epidermis dan stele <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">trikoma/rambut kelenjar <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .45pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.45pt 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">emergensia/ duri palsu : penonjolan epidermis dan korteks <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;">Ø </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">velamen : epidermis akar yang
berfungsi menyimpan air <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">90.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jawab: E </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ketika suhu tubuh meningkat akan merangsang pusat pengatur
suhu pada hipothalamus, kemudian dikeluarkan brandikinin yang akan merangsang
kerja kelenjar keringat (glandula sudorifera) untuk mengeluakan keringat.
Kelenjar keringat (glandula sudorifera) terdapat pada kulit (integumen),
tepatnya pada lapisan dermis. </span><span face="Calibri, "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Dengan dikeluarkannya keringat suhu akan stabil kembali.</span></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-18488875424414162652022-01-12T04:49:00.002-08:002022-01-12T04:49:44.343-08:00SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 2022<p> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 1 TAHUN 2022</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-df3f3215-7fff-76ec-5289-17d4ad78a824"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar berikut</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jenis jamur pada gambar diatas memiliki ciri .... </span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa tak bersekat dan menghasilkan zigospora</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan membentuk konidiospora</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan membentuk konidia</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan tumbuh basidiokarp</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa tidak bersekat dan dinding sel dari kitin</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jenis suku berikut ini yang memiliki ciri-ciri: batangnya mengandung getah berwarna putih, tulang daun menjari, dan umumnya memiliki buah kotak adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Euphorbiaceae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Musaceae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orchidaceae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zingiberaceae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palmae</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar tingkatan klasifikasi dibawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 170px; overflow: hidden; width: 176px;"><img height="170" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/K_PuMmt-y-jZUiYVg4SL1-002mVPZDoPhJjN1lL6tenAWWJh08OAryHrsZUQ8AMjAFB4iDdeZSc_VblMkNlkzuf84CzcWCusRDaDheYYNdQy7A2Xz87Nuj18HjVI6eYbHxkfuTTc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="176" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jika bagian B adalah Mangifera, maka bagian yang ditunjukkan oleh huruf E memiliki ciri-ciri, yaitu ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki bagian akar serabut</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki tulang daun yang sejajar</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki selaput pelindung berupa koleoptil dan koleoriza</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki bunga kelipatan 2, 4, atau 5</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki kotiledon sebanyak satu buah</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Populasi sel yang sedang membelah diwarnai dengan pewarna yang berfluoresensi saat berikatan dengan DNA. Jumlah DNA pada setiap sel tunggal FACs kemudian (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter) yang menghasilkan grafik sebagai berikut :</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 291px; overflow: hidden; width: 201px;"><img height="291" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/BX80vKy5mWpkQl7-CkXazxnDVveRKQNmvZkjJTfFr7loTF4dGFSAO0H3q4HgTb_GYQJST-Bzpng7S31KFg57iy6ar-PyyDmMUYqOfUL_KLCaS5AAuRN3hWpOycpfvYFf0gJNLwsm" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="201" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan dibawah ini yang benar tentang grafik tersebut adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kelompok A berada pada fase terlama dari siklus sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Replikasi DNA akan dapat ditentukan pada sel-sel kelompok C</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kadar RNA paling tinggi dapat ditemukan pada sel-sel kelompok B</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sel-sel yang memiliki kromosom haploid dapat ditemukan pada kelompok B</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses sintesis protein dan duplikasi organel dapat ditemukan pada sel-sel kelompok B</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar dibawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 126px; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;"><img height="126" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/cLoUGsbCHPvU_l35UH4ivnG9vSgxCS689W7t0kR6U-SZTOVG6RXIb9qO2qbBQRS-uVH10g5F1-iz9MN7ELsq_M2b2ZsM1jjyUm_Zbl-mQTfO79ywk5uNX4vlr9Gy9Wb1cKmRCpu8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="302" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan di bawah ini yang benar tentang perubahan yang terjadi pada sel eritrosit di atas adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengalami peristiwa plasmolisis karena berada pada larutan hipertonis sehingga cairan sel berosmosis ke luar sel.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengalami peristiwa krenasi karena berada pada larutan hipertonis sehingga cairan sel berosmosis ke luar sel.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengalami peristiwa lisis karena berada pada larutan hipotonis sehingga molekul air berosmosis ke dalam sel.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengalami peristiwa turgid karena berada pada larutan hipotonis sehingga molekul air berosmosis ke dalam sel.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengalami peristiwa difusi karena berada pada larutan hipotonis sehingga cairan sel berosmosis ke luar sel</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 109px; overflow: hidden; width: 283px;"><img height="109" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/O_A9JoqamH7iRpHjY-vYItvLICOKJ1Z7jaLsXuVxjfyF0toMU8Ff8she9XklZdT82YLALWLFeQXQUI7BPJh678qep1dWBApzLlaKAT72MljJX6wgaw2efxlV5n7RftYUi_kO8ftS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="283" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan di bawah ini yang benar tentang gambar tersebut adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki badan padat sehingga miofilamen tidak membentuk pola lurik, melainkan struktur seperti jaring-jaring</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">merupakan jenis otot yang bekerja secara sadar atau tidak menurut kemauan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jenis otot yang memiliki sel pacemaker sehingga dapat membuat impuls sendiri</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jenis otot tersebut juga dapat ditemukan pada kantung urine dan uterus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki bentuk sel yang silindris dengan ujung sel yang tumpul</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 152px; overflow: hidden; width: 289px;"><img height="152" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/HivwEFEzS62CifjbQVpSVi_WDkp1JBEhFJis3qRbA_p300760uW34Ok3HCMUsqNGLugJJVDEsSh7WYcePEPsxYBwFtYVCJ5EjVesYvwNmQCzNTBI9Mv8RNyFT4wvQ0edlkAMoAUu" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="289" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bila urutan basa nitrogen pada untai DNA template adalah CCT - CGG - GGT CAC - GTA - CAC, maka pernyataan di bawah ini yang sesuai dengan karakteristik polipeptida yang terbentuk adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dikode oleh kodon GGA - GCC - GUG - CAU - GUG - CCA yang terdapat pada untai mRNA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asam amino yang dikode DNA template tersebut adalah glutamin valin - serin - valin - alanin -prolin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urutan untuk DNA non template adalah GGA - GCC - CCA - GTG GTG - CAT</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antikodon dari DNA template adalah CCU - CGG - GGU - CAC - GUA CAC</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polipeptida memiliki empat jenis asam amino yang dirangkai melalui ikatan peptida</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP-5) merupakan salah satu gen yang mengontrol kepadatan tulang. Mutasi pada gen ini menyebabkan Osteoporosis atau sebaliknya. Tulang yang mustahil untuk dipatahkan. Berdasarkan kasus ini kemungkinan yang terjadi adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi pada gen tersebut mengakibatkan ekspresi gen yang tidak stabil dikarenakan regulasi hormonal terganggu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi pada gen tersebut mengakibatkan terganggunya jalur sinyal pada berbagai respons kimiawi dalam sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi pada gen tersebut menyebabkan ekspresi protein terlalu rendah sehingga mengurangi densitas tulang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi pada gen tersebut menyebabkan jalur sinyal terganggu sehingga pengaturan ekspresi protein yang mengatur densitas mineral tulang dapat terganggu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi pada gen tersebut mengakibatkan terlalu densitas tinggi tulang sehingga ekspresi meningkatkan protein</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada reaksi terang nonsiklik fotosintesis terjadi proses fotolisis air yang akan membebaskan oksigen dan hidrogen yang kemudian akan diikat oleh molekul akseptor. Molekul akseptor hidrogen berupa ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Flavin adenin dinukleotida (FAD) </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nikotinamid adenin dinukleotida (NAD+)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nikotinamid adenin dinukleotida fosfat (NADP+)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asam fosfoenolpiruvat (PEP)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ribulosa difosfat (RDP)</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dalam suatu desa terdapat jumlah penduduk sebanyak 1.000 orang. Jumlah orang bergolongan darah B sebanyak 150 dan jumlah orang bergolongan darah O sebanyak 490. Maka jumlah orang bergolongan darah A heterozigot adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">400 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">280 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">140 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 orang</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan dibawah ini yang benar terkait dengan skema gambar di atas adalah …</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 245px; overflow: hidden; width: 283px;"><img height="245" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/MqWsK2ECDYK7CVc7QmBY5kcm78Z0jWsjlvo9LwG3iFhIJ5DCxDiDdp8JLc_Cyp67zhFxv_Qy6Fzv3TkYaWzfYnIlM6GVl5CypEC6sgT_ZpR_40NJ1wBQkeL9hzZJLhLrnPO0kj9k" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="283" /></span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian A dan B menggambarkan proses sintesis protein</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian B merupakan proses translasi dalam proses sintesis protein</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian C merupakan proses transkripsi dalam proses sintesis protein</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian A menggambarkan proses replikasi DNA model semikonservatif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian A menggambarkan dua buah DNA yang membentuk mRNA</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Protonema pada metagenesis </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Marchantia polymorpha</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> bersifat haploid</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Marchantia polymorpha termasuk ke dalam kelompok tumbuhan Pteridophyta</span></p><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman transgenik dapat menimbulkan munculnya tanaman supergulma</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman supergulma terbentuk akibat adanya perpindahan gen dari tanaman transgenik</span></p><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lamprey laut adalah jenis ikan yang tidak memiliki rahang</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lamprey adalah kelompok ikan bertulang rawan seperti ikan pari</span></p><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singa dan Hyena akan hidup berkompetisi di padang savana</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Singa dan Hyena akan bersaing mendapatkan makanan</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SARS-Cov-2 merupakan salah satu jenis virus yang berbahaya bagi semua kelompok Mamalia</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">virus yang dapat menyerang sistem pernapasan pada inangnya akan membahayakan semua jenis hewan</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang benar tentang struktur biji dari Arachis hypogaea adalah....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki dua kotiledon</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tidak memiliki endosperm</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki tipe perkecambahan epigeal</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki selaput pelindung plumula dan radikula</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang benar tentang transportasi air secara apoplas adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melalui plasmodesmata</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melalui ruang antarsel dan dinding sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transpor lebih terkontrol, namun berlangsung lebih lambat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transpor berlangsung lebih cepat, namun tidak terkontrol</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Di bawah ini adalah gambar sebuah bakteri yang telah diberikan perlakuan pewarnaan gram.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 163px; overflow: hidden; width: 177px;"><img height="163" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/yUO1Ld7UCff-50t4SUUw8HwYsboR2KLUeHn-MyYVVGxXstmGlcEPG5RM4s0DEZzEoFd-I1mOATo0jlOw9VrfkOti1sb_THMHov5GXOsfs0JvbUxJIf9nZmrvKJ2fWaB8hAc9odZ7" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="177" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan berikut ini yang berhubungan dengan jenis bakteri pada gambar tersebut adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki peptidoglikan yang tebal</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dapat menghasilkan racun tetanospasmin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Merupakan bakteri anaerob obligat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada membran plasmanya terdapat lapisan lipoprotein</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui suatu wilayah di Afrika terkena wabah malaria yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium falciparum. Setelah dilakukan beberapa penelitian, ditemukan adanya beberapa gen dari parasit yang dapat bertahan pada nyamuk dengan jenis strain yang berbeda.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan kasus tersebut, pernyataan yang tepat adalah ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gen yang berbeda akan menyebabkan ketahanan parasit yang berbeda pula</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perlu dilakukan riset tentang beberapa gen penyebab ketahanan parasit beserta fungsinya secara lengkap</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sistem imun dari nyamuk merupakan salah satu barrier dalam transmisi parasit</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Strain nyamuk bukan merupakan faktor utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam transmisi</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">KUNCI JAWABAN</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 451.27559055118115pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PEMBAHASAN</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">01. Jenis jamur pada gambar di soal adalah Volvariella volvacea (jamur merang). Jamur ini termasuk jamur yang dapat dimakan. Adapun jamur tersebut dari golongan Basidiomycota yang memiliki ciri hifa bersekat dan tubuh basidiokarp</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">02. Jenis suku yang memiliki ciri-ciri:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">batangnya mengandung getah berwarna putih, tulang daun menjari, dan umumnya memiliki buah kotak adalah Euphorbiaceae. Contohnya adalah jarak, karet, dan ubi kayu.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">03. Pertama kita harus mengetahui tingkatan takson mulai dari tingkatan yang paling tinggi hingga yang paling rendah. Takson yang paling tinggi adalah bagian yang, lingkaran yang paling besar dan takson yang paling rendah adalah lingkaran kecil, maka jika B adalah Mangifera, maka bagian lainnya adalah sebagai berikut</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B = tingkat genus -> Mangifera</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A = tingkat spesies -> Mangifera indica</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C = tingkat famili -> Anacardiaceae</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D = tingkat ordo -> Sapindales</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E = tingkat kelas -> Magnoliopsida/Dikotil</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tumbuhan dikotil atau tumbuhan yang memiliki dua kotiledon memiliki ciri-ciri, yaitu memiliki daun yang berbentuk menyirip atau menjari, batang berkayu dan memiliki kambium, akar tunggang, dan memiliki bunga kelipatan 2, 4, atau 5. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">04. Grafik pada soal menjelaskan tentang tentang tentang siklus sel dimana bagian A adalah kelompok sel yang berada pada fase GO/G1, dimana fase ini merupakan fase paling lama dari siklus sel dan proses yang terjadi pada fase ini adalah sintesis protein,duplikat organel, dan jumlah kromosomnya masih diploid (2n). Bagian B adalah kelompok sel yang sedang mengalami fase S (fase sintesis), hal ini tampak pada grafik jumlah DNA pada kelompok ini lebih banyak dari bagian kelompok A. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada fase S terjadi replikasi DNA yang menyebabkan jumlah kromosom dari diploid (2n) menjadi tetraploid (4n). Sementara itu, bagian C adalah kelompok sel yang sedang mengalami fase G2/M, hal ini karena jumlah DNA sudah setengah dari jumlah sebelumnya yang berarti jumlah kromosom sudah kembali menjadi diploid (2n). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">05. Gambar pada soal menunjukkan proses transpor membran pada sel hewan. Sel tersebut mengalami peristiwa krenasi karena sel tersebut sudah mengkerut yang berarti cairan di dalam sel sudah berosmosis ke luar sel. Sel hewan akan mengalami peristiwa krenasi jika direndam di dalam larutan hipertonis. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">06. Jawaban:Pada gambar C dapat kita lihat bahwa selnya berbentuk silindris dengan ujung selbercabangdua dan adanya inti sel yangterletakdi tengah sel. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa jaringan yang diamati siswa tersebut adalah jaringan otot jantung. Otot jantung adalah jaringan otot yang bersifat involunter dan hanya terdapat di organ jantung. Otot jantung memiliki ciri-ciri antara lain:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki bentuk sel yang silindris memanjang dengan serabut bercabang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki satu atau dua inti sel yang terletak di tengah </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sifat kerjanya diluar kesadaran dan tidak mudah lelah </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hanya ditemukan di organ jantung </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki pola lurik sehingga ada pola gelap-terang </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki sel </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pacemaker</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sehingga dapat membuat impuls sendiri</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">07. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui DNA template:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CCT - CGG - GGT - CAC - GTA - CAC Dari DNA template tersebut dapat diketahui DNA sense (nontemplate), </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kodon/mRNA, dan tRNA-nya, yaitu:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DNA non template:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 35.43307086614173pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GGA-GCC-CCA-GTG-CAT-GTG </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon/mRNA:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 35.43307086614173pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GGA-GCC-CCA-GUG-CAU-GUG </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tRNA:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 35.43307086614173pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CCU-CGG-GGU-CAC-GUA-CAC</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asam amino diterjemahkan dari kodon/ mRNA, jadi urutan asam amino yang terbentuk adalah:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glutamin-Alanin-Prolin-Valin-Serin-Valin.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sedangkan Berdasarkan jumlah asam amino penyusunnya, rantai asam amino dibagi menjadi:</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peptida, terdiri atas asam amino yang jumlahnya kurang dari 50.</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peptida, terdiri atas </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">asam amino. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tripeptida, terdiri atas 3 asam amino.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polipeptida, terdiri atas 10 asam amino atau lebih</span></p></li></ul><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Protein, terdiri atas asam amino yang jumlahnya lebih dari 50</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">08. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Low-density lipoprotein receptor related</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">protein 5 (LRP-5)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> merupakan salah satu gen yang mengontrol kepadatan tulang. Mutasi pada gen ini dapat menyebabkan osteoporosis atau sebaliknya, tulang yang mustahil untuk dipatahkan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan kasus ini, kemungkinan yang terjadi adalah mutasi pada gen tersebut menyebabkan jalur sinyal terganggu sehingga pengaturan ekspresi protein yang mengatur densitas mineral tulang dapat terganggu. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada proses sintesis protein, kita mengetahui prinsip dasar, yaitu dogma sentral DNA harus ditranskripsikan menjadi mRNA, lalu ditranslasikan menjadi protein. Sintesis protein ini juga membutuhkan jalur pensinyalan khusus yang seimbang. Apabila pengaturan pada jalur tersebut tidak stabil diakibatkan oleh mutasi gen, maka terjadi perubahan ekspresi protein</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">09. Reaksi terang merupakan reaksi yang mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia. Pada reaksi terang jalur elektron nonsiklik terjadi proses fotolisis air (pemecahan air) yang akan menghasilkan 2H+, 2H2O, dan 2e. Hasil 2e pada fotolisis air akan digunakan untuk mengisi kekurangan elektron pada klorofil a karena elektronnya mengalami eksitasi. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Molekul oksigen hasil fotolisis akan akan dilepaskan ke udara dan molekul H+ akan berikatan dengan akseptornya berupa NADP+ yang kemudian membentuk NADPH.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NADPH adalah sumber energi yang mensintesis gula.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah populasi: 1.000 orang</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan darah B: 150 orang </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan darah O: 490 orang </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditanya:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan darah A heterozigot? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jawab:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persamaan Hardy Weinberg untuk alel ganda: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p2 +2.p.r + q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2.q.r + 2.p.q + r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 1 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(p + q + r)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p+q+r = 1 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Misal:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah A homozigot (PP) → P</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah A heterozigot (I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) → 2pr</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah B homozigot (I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) → q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah B Heterozigot (I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) → 2qr</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah AB (I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) → 2pq</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golongan darah O (I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) → r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi golongan darah O = r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 490/1000 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">= 0,49</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> r = 0,7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi golongan darah B (q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2qr) dan O (r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">):</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">q2 + 2qr + r2 = 150 + 490 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> —----------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1000</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(q + r)2 = 0,64</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">q + r = 0,8</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Subtitusi frekuensi (q + r) ke persamaan p + q + r = 1, untuk mendapatkan frekuensi p:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p + q + r = 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p + (q + r) = 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p + 0,8 = 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p = 1 - 0,8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p = 0,2</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi golongan darah A heterozigot (2pr):</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A heterozigot (IAIO) → 2pr</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2pr = 2 x 0,2 x 0,7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 0,28</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan darah A heterozigot (IAIO):</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,28 x 1000 = 280 orang</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">71. Gambar pada soal menjelaskan tentang proses replikasi DNA dan sintesis protein. Bagian A menunjukkan replikasi DNA model semikonservatif karena fragmen DNA terbuka dan setiap basa nitrogen lama membentuk basa nitrogen yang baru. Bagian B menunjukkan proses transkripsi sintesis protein dan bagian C menunjukkan proses translasi sintesis protein.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Marchantia polymorpha merupakan salah satu contoh dari tumbuhan lumut hati (Bryophyta) sehingga alasan salah. Skema metagenesis tumbuhan lumut dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut ini.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 450px; overflow: hidden; width: 363px;"><img height="450" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YkxwpRO4xmBJbKh5EK-IJ1g2Sd2N9HDOcQ7rxw85nHC39ITWQQnSCuoomMU6CoDm6T2k-cf-IEQu-LQK4adbLEAxYA9NieoCG7SsCs9f-dFFyxsskmUYBZQRnM6mYcIcn7c8If_h" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="363" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan skema metagenesis diatas, diketahui bahwa pada tahap </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">protonema</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Marchantia Polymorpha</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> memiliki jumlah kromosom setengah dari jumlah kromosom induknya/haploid (n), sehingga pernyataan benar</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Pernyataan dan alasan benar, serta ada hubungan antara keduanya</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman transgenik hasil rekayasa genetika clapat memungl{inkan terjadinya pcminclahan gen barunya ke tanaman lain yang masih berkerabat dekat. Jika tanaman yang menerima gen tersebut adalah tumbuhan liar yang sangat adaptif terhadap lingkungannya dan resisten terhadap herbisida atau hama, maka semua keturunannya akan menjadi supergulma.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Lamprey laut diklasifikasikan ke dalam superkelas Agnatha atau kelompok vertebrata yang tidak memiliki rahang (pernyataan benar), memiliki mulut berbentuk lingkaran yang berparut, memiliki Lidah dan gigi yang tersusun dari zat tanduk, tidak memiliki sirip yang berpasangan, kulit tidak bersisik, dan memiliki tubuh yang lunak. Selain lamprey, jenis vertebrata tak berahang lain yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adalah hagfish. Ikan pari dan lamprey tidak termasuk ke dalam satu kelas karena ikan pari termasuk ke dalam kelas Chondrichthyes atau kelompok hewan bertulang rawan (pernyataan salah).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Singa dan hyena merupakan jenis hewan karnivora yang hidup di padang savana. Kedua hewan ini akan menunjukkan kompetisi interspesifik, dimana kedua hewan akan berkompetisi untuk mendapatkan mangsa berupa hewan herbivora seperti rusa dan zebra. Dengan demikian, pernyataan benar dan alasan benar serta menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16. Pernyataan salah. SARS Cov-2 atau dikenal sebagai virus korona merupakan salah satu jenis virus yang berbahaya bagi semua kelompok Mamalia (salah) karena jenis virus ini tidak berbahaya untuk sebagian hewan mamalia seperti kelelawar Hal ini dikarenakan sistem imun kelelawar dapat melawan infeksi virus jenis ini. Selain itu, virus corona juga dibutuhkan oleh kelelawar untuk melawan infeksi berbagai jenis virus lain di tubuhnya. Namun, virus ini akan berbahaya bagi Mamalia lain seperti manusia karena dapat menginfeksi paru-paru. Alasan benar bahwa virus korona dapat menyerang sistem pernapasan pada inangnya yang menyebabkan gangguan pada sistem pernapasan hingga kematian.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. Arachis hypogaea adalah nama ilmiah dari kacang tanah. Dalam klasifikasi, kacang tanah termasuk ke dalam kelas dikotil (Magnoliopsida). Karakteristik dari biji dikotil adalah sebagai berikut.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki dua kotiledon (pernyataan 1)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tidak memiliki endosperm (pernyataan 2) karena endosperm sudah habis diserap kotiledon untuk pertumbuhannya sebelum perkecambahan, kecuali pada tumbuhan jarak, tomat, tembakau, dan cabai.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Makanan untuk proses pertumbuhan embrio diperoleh dari kotiledon</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki tipe perkecambahan (pernyataan 3).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tidak memiliki pelindung plumula dan radikula.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18. Apoplas berasal dari kata "a" yang artinya tidak dan "plas" yang merujuk pada plasmodesmata. Jadi, apoplas adalah jalur transportasi air yang tidak melalui plasmodesmata, melainkan melalui ruang antarsel dan ruang sel. Karakteristik jalur air secara apoplas adalah sebagai berikut:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melalui ruang antarsel dan dinding (pernyataan 2).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tidak dipengaruhi oleh laju metabolisme.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transpor berlangsung lebih cepat, namun tidak terkontrol (pernyataan 4).</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. Jenis bakteri pada soal adalah bakteri Clostridium tetani. Hal ini karena bakteri Clostridium tetani memiliki struktur tubuh yang berbentuk batang dengan ujung bulat yang menyerupai penabuh genderang. Bakteri Clostridium tetani ini termasuk ke dalam kelompok bakteri gram positif karena hasil pewarnaan gramnya menunjukkan warna ungu yang berarti memiliki peptidoglikan tebal (pernyataan 1). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen, bakteri Clostridium tetani termasuk ke dalam kelompok bakteri anaerob obligat (pernyataan 3) atau bakteri yang hanya hidup jika tidak ada oksigen.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bakteri Clostridium tetani dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui luka yang disebabkan oleh paku berkarat.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ketika bakteri ini masuk ke dalam tubuh, sporanya akan berkembang biak dengan cepat dan melepaskan racun yang disebut tetanospasmin ke aliran darah (pernyataan 2). Racun tetanospasmin ini akan cepat menyebar ke seluruh tubuh dan dapat merusak otak dan sistem saraf</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. setiap gen yang berbeda akan menyebabkan ketahanan terhadap parasit yang berbeda pula (pernyataan 1), misalnya antibodi yang digunakan untuk melawan virus cacar hanya berfungsi untuk melawan virus cacar saja. Pada tubuh nyamuk terdapat sel yang disebut megacyte yang berperan dalam.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mempengaruhi kekebalan tubuh nyamuk dan dapat meningkatkan respons imun terhadap parasit Plasmodium (pernyataan 3) sehingga nyamuk tidak akan terjangkit malaria. Saat ini para peneliti telah melakukan penelitian tentang cara baru untuk mencegah nyamuk menyebarkan malaria ke manusia, serta memutus rantai penularan malaria (pernyataan 2).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sedangkan pernyataan strain nyamuk bukan merupakan faktor utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam transmisi parasit (pernyataan 4) adalah kurang tepat karena strain nyamuk merupakan faktor utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam transmisi atau penyebaran malaria, dikarenakan nyamuk adalah vektor (perantara) dalam transmisi malaria sebelum menuju inang (manusia).</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">----------------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 2 TAHUN 2022</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-90bc0324-7fff-a97f-2737-8778809bbd84"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fusarium sp. merupakan fungi yang hidup pada tanaman tomat. Ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh fungi tersebut adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan inti haploid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan tiap sel berinti satu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa bersekat dan dinding sel dari kitin </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa tidak bersekat dan mengandung inti haploid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hifa tidak bersekat dan dinding sel dari kitin</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Suatu suku (famili) pada tumbuhan memiliki ciri: batang umumnya bercabang, tulang daun menjari, serta jaringan pengangkut pada akar dan batang tersusun teratur. Berdasarkan ciri-ciri tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tumbuhan tersebut termasuk suku ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Euphorbiaceae </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zingiberaceae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Musaceae </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palmae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orchidaceae</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salah Satu Hutan di Indonesia mempunyai ciri curah hujan yang cukup tinggi, akan tetapi memiliki musim kemarau panjang. Hutan tersebut dinamakan ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hutan kerangas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hutan mangrove</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hutan monsun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hutan savana</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hutan hujan tropis</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ciri-ciri jaringan yang menyusun leukosit adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan dibawah ini yang benar tentang grafik tersebut adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tersusun atas matriks dan fleksibel </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serat kolagen berwarna putih dan berbentuk lembaran</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sel-selnya jarang dan matriks mengandung serabut kolagen elastin </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">berasal dari mesenkim dan mengandung fibrosa tipis</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">matriks gelap dan serabut kolagen sejajar</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jaringan pada batang yang tersusun atas zat tanin, kolenkima dan zat tepung terdapat pada …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">epidermis</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">korteks</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">endodermis</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">stele</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">empulur</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 211px; overflow: hidden; width: 240px;"><img height="211" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/o_v7n3DViUnAsPtw_GYwOABUEMipqE70BLESAu0k4xA8VNzVzZ59RUvwGSCShzcwG-5b4xi_dmVF83tHFCT4BWKHvoU_yMb6MYTz2SPQ4qg8J2Pp_4fY0z6z7CZnxgtt-ny399Og" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="240" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan gambar di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa jaringan tersebut berfungsi untuk ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">proteksi </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sekresi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">absorpsi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pertukaran gas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mencegah kehilangan air</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Air kelapa (coconut water) telah lama diketahui mengandung zat aktif (hormon) untuk perkembangan embrio. Salah satu hormon yang terkandung dalam air kelapa adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">giberelin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">gas etilen</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sitokinin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">asam absisat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">auksin</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sickle cell anemia merupakan salah satu kelainan pada sel darah merah manusia akibat mutasi gen. Kelainan ini disebabkan adanya pergantian satu jenis basa sehingga terjadi kesalahan pada susunan rantai polipeptida asam amino dari molekul hemoglobin. Mutasi gen pada kelainan ini disebut …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi titik </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">delesi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi bingkai </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">duplikasi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">transposisi</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada suatu daerah diketahui sebanyak 9% penduduk laki-lakinya menderita buta warna.Frekuensi penduduk perempuan yang diduga normal pada daerah tersebut adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,91</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,8281</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,081</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,9919</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,1638</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pergantian tulang rawan pada perkembangan tulang keras merupakan salah satu fungsi dari organel ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">retikulum endoplasma</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kompleks Golgi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lisosom</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">peroksisom</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E. sitoskeleton</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berikut ini contoh interaksi intraspesifik adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">perebutan daerah/wilayah kekuasaan oleh hewan yang berbeda spesies </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiksasi nitrogen oleh bakteri Rhizobium yang menempel pada akar Leguminosas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">interaksi antara prey dan predator</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jamur menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">semut yang saling bergotong-royong membawa makanan</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biomagnifikasi dapat terjadi melalui pencemaran air oleh bahan non biodegradable</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bahan pencemar dapat terakumulasi pada tingkatan trofik tertinggi melalui rantai makanan</span></p><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scypha Sp.memiliki tempat penampungan air sementara pada bagian tengah tubuhnya</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spongocoel berfungsi untuk transportasi makanan</span></p><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Apabila seseorang sering mengonsumsi kopi dan teh, maka proses reabsorpsinya akan meningkat.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kandungan zat berupa kafein dapat meningkatkan volume urine.</span></p><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fungsi korion dan alantois pada proses kehamilan memiliki kesamaan yaitu berhubungan dengan sisa metabolisme embrio</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Korion berfungsi menampung sisa metabolisme embrio dan alantois berfungsi sebagai tempat transportasi sisa metabolisme embrio</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon ACTH dapat mempengaruhi proses metabolisme karbohidrat.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ACTH merangsang kelenjar adrenal untuk menyekresikan glukokortikoid</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses yang terjadi pada transkripsi sintesis protein adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">penempelan RNA polimerase di area promoter</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RNA polimerase Il mendatangi regulator gen</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">penyambungan mRNA menggunakan small nuclear RNA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pemotongan daerah ekson dan intron</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seorang ilmuwan akan melakukan teknik pencangkokan bahan genetik dari individu A ke individu B menggunakan enzim untuk mempercepat reaksi. Berikut ini komponen yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan teknik tersebut adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ligase</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">restriksi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">plasmid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">eksonuklease</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui salah satu pita dari molekul DNA tersusun atas 28% adenin, 36% timin, 12% sitosin, dan 24% guanin. Pernyataan yang paling tepat berdasarkan informasi tersebut ditunjukkan oleh .....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kandungan adenin 32% dan timin 18%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kandungan adenin 32% dan guanin 18%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kandungan sitosin 12% dan timin 34%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kandungan sitosin 18% dan timin 32%</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan berikut yang tergolong bioteknologi konvensional ditunjukkan oleh .....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pembuatan biogas dengan bantuan bakteri anaerob</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fusarium sp</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. dalam pembuatan protein sel tunggal (PST)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pembersihan senyawa hidrokarbon dengan bantuan bakteri</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ekstraksi plasmid dari bakteri</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">KUNCI JAWABAN</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 451.27559055118115pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PEMBAHASAN</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fungi (jamur) dipisahkan dari kelompok tumbuhan karena tidak memiliki klorofil (zat hijau daun) sehingga tidak mempunyai kemampuan membuat makanan sendiri melalui fotosintesis. Ciri lainnya adalah mempunyai dinding dari kitin dan berhifa. Fungi dikelompokkan berdasarkan reproduksi seksualnya menjadi 6 kelompok, salah satunya kelompok Deuteromycota, yaitu kelompok jamur yang belum diketahui reproduksi seksualnya sehingga disebut jamur tidak sempurna (fungi imperfecti). Fusarium sp. merupakan salah satu contoh fungi (jamur) dari kelompok Deuteromycota karena reproduksi seksualnya belum diketahui, memiliki hifa bersekat, dan mempunyai dinding sel dari kitin.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tumbuhan yang memiliki ciri-ciri berupa batang umumnya bercabang, tulang daun menjari, serta jaringan pengangkut pada akar dan batang tersusun teratur termasuk kelompok tumbuhan dikotil. Berdasarkan pilihan di soal, suku (familia) yang termasuk kelompok tumbuhan dikotil adalah Euphorbiaceae (suku jarak jarakan). Sementara itu, suku (familia) Musaceae, Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, dan Palmae termasuk kelompok tumbuhan monokotil yang mempunyai ciri-ciri berupa batang umumnya tidak bercabang, tulang daun sejajar, serta jaringan pengangkut pada akar dan batang menyebar.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jenis-jenis hutan di Indonesia antara lain, sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hutan Kerangas. Ciri yang dimiliki oleh hutan ini adalah mempunyai iklim basah dan umumnya terdapat di sela hutan tropis. Hutan ini didominasi oleh jenis pohon yang berukuran pendek dengan kanopi' yang hanya memiliki satu lapisan saja. Contoh tumbuhan yang hidup di hutan kerangas adalah tumbuhan karnivora seperti kantung semar. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hutan mangrove. Ciri yang dimiliki oleh hutan ini adalah tanahnya yang tergenang air laut dan tidak terpengaruh oleh iklim. Tumbuhan yang hidup di hutan ini beradaptasi terhadap salinitas yang tinggi dan oksigen yang rendah (anoxic). Contoh tumbuhannya yaitu tumbuhan bakau yang memiliki akar napas.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hutan monsun. Ciri yang dimiliki oleh hutan ini adalah memiliki pergantian musim kemarau dan penghujan yang sangat jelas dengan periode musim kemarau yang sangat panjang. Pada saat musim penghujan, curah hujannya tinggi. Tumbuhan yang hidup di hutan ini pada musim kemarau beradaptasi untuk mengurangi penguapan air dengan cara menggugurkan daunnya (meranggas), contohnya tumbuhan jati</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hutan savana. Hutan ini memiliki ciri berupa curah hujan yang rendah dan didominasi rumput sehingga disebut juga hutan padang rumput</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hutan hujan tropis. Hutan ini memiliki ciri berupa curah hujannya yang tinggi di sepanjang tahun, berada di daerah tropis, dan didominasi pepohonan berkayu yang jenisnya sangat bervariasi (heterogen) dengan tingkat kerapatan yang tinggi.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leukosit (sel darah putih) termasuk jaringan ikat. Jaringan ikat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu jaringan ikat longgar dan jaringan ikat padat. Jaringan ikat pada leukosit merupakan jaringan ikat longgar sehingga memiliki ciri-ciri: sel selnya jarang, sebagian jaringan tersusun atas matriks, matriks mengandung serabut kolagen elastin, dan terdapat di sebagian besar tubuh.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jaringan pada batang yang tersusun atas komponen zat tanin, kolenkim, dan zat tepung adalah jaringan korteks. Jaringan korteks bagian luar yang dekat dengan epidermis tersusun atas jaringan kolenkim. Sementara itu, makin ke dalam, jaringan korteks tersusun atas jaringan parenkim yang berfungsi untuk menyimpan cadangan makanan (zat tepung), air dan udara, serta senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti tanin.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gambar di soal menunjukkan salah satu modifikasi dari epidermis yaitu kutikula. Kutikula merupakan lapisan pelindung pada seluruh sistem tajuk (bagian tumbuhan yang berada di atas tanah). Kutikula berfungsi untuk memperlambat atau mencegah terjadinya kehilangan air dari daun, batang, bunga, buah,dan biji.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sitokinin merupakan salah satu hormon yang mempengaruhi proses fisiologis terutama mendorong pembelahan sel (sitokinesis) dan perkembangan embrio. Sitokinin dapat ditemukan pada air kelapa (coconut water).</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transposisi merupakan salah satu jenis mutasi gen. Transposisi terjadi karena melompatnya potongan DNA ke tengah tengah gen. Hal ini mengakibatkan kacaunya fungsi dari beberapa gen dan pada beberapa kondisi mengakibatkan gen yang awalnya tidak aktif menjadi aktif. Salah satu contoh transposisi terjadi pada sickle cell anemia. Kelainan ini terjadi karena adanya pergantian satu jenis basa sehingga terjadi kesalahan susunan rantai polipeptida asam amino pada molekul hemoglobin.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: laki-laki buta warna = 9% = 9/100 = 0,09</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditanyakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Frekuensi gen perempuan normal?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jawab:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan hukum hardy - Weinberg Soal di atas dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan rumus:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2pq + q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi gen c = q = 0,09</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi gen C = p = 1 - 0,09 = 0,91</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">frekuensi perempuan buta warna = q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = (0,09)2 = 0,0081</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi perempuan normal - p</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2pq</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(0,91)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2 . 0,91 . 0,09 = </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,8281 + 0,1638</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0,9919</span></p><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beberapa organel sel beserta fungsinya masing-masing, yaitu sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Retikulum endoplasma (RE), berfungsi sebagai berikut</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.7795pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mensintesis lemak dan kolesterol.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.7795pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menampung protein yang disintesis oleh ribosom untuk disalurkan ke kompleks Golgi dan akhirnya dikeluarkan dari sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.7795pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transportasi molekul-molekul dari bagian sel yang satu ke bagian sel yang lain</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.7795pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menetralkan racun (detoksifikasi), misalnya RE yang ada di dalam sel-sel hati</span></p></li></ul><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kompleks Golgi, berfungsi sebagai berikut</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.75pt; padding-left: 0.0295276pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tempat sintesis polisakarida, seperti mukus, selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan pektin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.75pt; padding-left: 0.0295276pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Membentuk membran plasma</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.75pt; padding-left: 0.0295276pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Membentuk kantong sekresi untuk membungkus zat yang 71. akan dikeluarkan sel, seperti protein, glikoprotein, karbohidrat, dan lemak</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 27.75pt; padding-left: 0.0295276pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Membentuk akrosom pada sperma,kuning telur pada sel telur, dan lisosom</span></p></li></ul><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lisosom, berfungsi sebagai berikut</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melakukan pencernaan intrasel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Autofagositosis, yaitu menghancurkan struktur yang tidak dikehendaki, misalnya organel lain yang sudah tidak berfungsi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eksositosis, yaitu pembebasan enzim keluar sel, misalnya pada pergantian tulang rawan pada perkembangan tulang keras</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Autolisis, yaitu penghancuran diri sel dengan membebaskan isi lisosom ke dalam sel, misalnya terjadi pada saat berudu menginjak dewasa dengan menyerap kembali ekornya.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menghancurkan senyawa karsinogenik.</span></p></li></ul><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peroksisom, berfungsi sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melindungi sel dari H2O2. H2O2 merupakan senyawa yang bersifat racun dan dapat merusak sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mengubah lemak menjadi karbohidrat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mengubah purin di dalam sel</span></p></li></ul><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mengubah purin di dalam sel</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penyokong sel.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mempertahankan bentuk sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 24.5197pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mengatur gerak keseluruhan sel atau gerak organel di dalam sel.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interaksi antarkomponen biotik terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu sebagai berikut</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interaksi intraspesifik merupakan interaksi yang terjadi di dalam satu spesies, contohnya adalah semut yang saling bergotong royong membawa makanan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">interaksi antara interspesifik merupakan interaksi antara makhluk hidup yang satu dengan makhluk hidup lainnya. Interaksi interspesifik dibedakan menjadi kompetisi, predasi antibiosis dan simbiosis</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biomagnifikasi merupakan akumulasi bahan pencemar yang bersifat nonbiodegradable (bahan yang tidak dapat diuraikan oleh reaksi kimia tubuh). Bahan pencemar tersebut akan berpindah melalui rantai makanan dan akan terakumulasi pada tingkatan trofik tertinggi, sehingga mempengaruhi fisiologi makhluk hidup.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scypha sp</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. merupakan kelompok Porifera yang memiliki tempat penampungan air sementara pada bagian tengah tubuhnya yang disebut spongocoel. Penampungan air tersebut dilakukan supaya terjadi penyerapan zat makanan oleh sel koanosit dan pertukaran gas oleh seluruh sel tubuh. Namun, transportasi makanan dilakukan oleh sel amoebosit.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi volume urine adalah mengonsumsi zat diuretik seperti kafein yang terdapat pada kopi dan teh. Apabila seseorang sering mengkonsumsi kopi dan teh, maka proses reabsorpsi air pada ginjal akan terhambat, akibatnya volume urine meningkat.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fungsi korion dan alantois pada proses kehamilan memiliki kesamaan yaitu berhubungan dengan sisa metabolisme embrio. Korion berfungsi menampung sisa metabolisme embrio dan alantois berfungsi sebagai tempat transportasi sisa metabolisme embrio.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kelenjar adrenal dapat mensekresikan hormon ACTH. Hormon ini berfungsi untuk memproduksi glukokortikoid dapat memengaruhi proses karbohidrat.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sintesis protein adalah tahapan pembentukan protein dari asam amino. Proses ini terjadi melalui dua tahap, yaitu transkripsi dan translasi. Proses yang terjadi pada sintesis protein transkripsi adalah sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adanya induksi sinyal dari luar.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RNA polymerase II mendatangi regulator gen, kemudian menempel pada promoter spesifik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim polimerase akan membuka kodon ATG (kodon inisiasi)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pengolahan molekul mRNA dengan teknik penyambungan melalui small nuclear RNA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pemotongan pada daerah yang tidak bisa dikodekan/non coding (intron), sedangkan pada daerah yang dapat dikodekan (ekson) akan disambungkan menjadi satu urutan gen yang utuh.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Teknik pencangkokan bahan genetik dari individu A ke individu B merupakan bagian dari rekayasa genetika. Pada rekayasa genetika dibutuhkan beberapa komponen penting, antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim restriksi (gunting biologi) yang berperan untuk memotong DNA. Berdasarkan bagian yang dipotong (dalam dan luar), enzim ini dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu endonuklease restriksi (memotong bagian dalam) dan eksonuklease restriksi (memotong bagian luar)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim ligase (lem biologi) yang berperan untuk menghubungkan kembali potongan DNA yang telah dipotong dan disisipi gen baru.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plasmid berupa DNA sirkuler yang berperan untuk menyimpan materi genetik (DNA). Plasmid berperan sebagai vektor untuk transfer gen pada bioteknologi modern</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui: Adenin (A) = 28%,</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Timin (T) = 36%, Sitosin (C) = 12%, dan Guanin (G) = 24%.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adenin (A) berpasangan dengan Timin (T). Sedangkan Guanin (G) berpasangan dengan Sitosin C.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditanyakan: kandungan adenin (A), timin (T), sitosin (C), dan guanin (G) = ... ?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karena adenin berpasangan dengan timin sehingga A + T = 28% + 36% = 64%. Oleh karena itu, besarnya adenin adalah 32% dan timin adalah 32%.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karena sitosin berpasangan dengan guanin sehingga C + G = 12%+24%=36%, Oleh karena itu, besarnya sitosin adalah 18% dan guanin adalah 18%.</span></p><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ciri utama bioteknologi konvensional adalah tidak memanfaatkan gen (DNA), melainkan menggunakan langsung mikroorganisme melalui proses fermentasi. Contoh penerapan bioteknologi konvensional antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembuatan biogas dengan bantuan bakteri anaerob.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penggunaan Fusarium sp. pada pembuatan protein sel tunggal (PST)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembersihan senyawa hidrokarbon dengan bantuan bakteri.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ekstraksi plasmid dari bakteri merupakan contoh penerapan bioteknologi modern karena pada prosesnya menggunakan teknik DNA rekombinan menggunakan plasmid bakteri</span></p></li></ol></span><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 3 TAHUN 2022</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7c892d96-7fff-a3a2-a76b-75b073c8d358"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bagian dari struktur akar yang berfungsi untuk menghalangi lewatnya air dan unsur hara melalui dinding endodermis adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sel penerus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">perisikel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">empulur</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">felem</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pita Kaspari</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endosperma pada tumbuhan </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mangifera indica</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> merupakan hasil pembuahan antara gamet jantan dengan ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">el ovum</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tiga antipoda</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dua sinergid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dua inti kutub</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">inti vegetatif I</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sebuah potongan kentang yang memiliki berat 50 gram dimasukkan ke dalam air garam. Setelah beberapa saat, berat potongan kentang tersebut berkurang menjadi 30 gram. Penyebab perubahan berat potongan kentang setelah dimasukkan ke dalam air garam adalah</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya perpindahan molekul dari lingkungannya ke dalam sel sehingga sel mengalami penurunan berat </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya perpindahan molekul yang terjadi secara acak yang menyebabkan berat potongan kentang menurun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya perpindahan molekul air dari dalam potongan kentang ke luar sel sehingga beratnya menurun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya perpindahan molekul air garam ke dalam potongan kentang sehingga beratnya menurun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya keadaan seimbang pada molekul air garam dan potongan kentang yang menyebabkan berat potongan kentang menurun</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada sebuah kota yang berpenduduk 1.000 orang, terdapat 490 orang bergolongan darah O dan 150 orang bergolongan darah A. Jumlah orang yang bergolongan darah AB adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">320 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">280 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">80 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10 orang</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada Tumbuhan Tebu (</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saccharum arundinaceum</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) proses pembentukan glukosa terjadi di bagian ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jaringan mesofil</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jaringan palisade</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jaringan spons</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">seludang pembuluh</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sel penjaga stomata</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DNA template yang mengkode antikodon GGG - CUC - AGC - GAC - GGG UGG - CAC adalah</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CCC - ACC - GTG - CTG - CCC ACC - GTG</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GGG - CTC - AGC - GAC - GGG TGG - CAC</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GGG - CTC - AGC - GGG - TGG CAC - GAC</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CCC - GAG - TCG - CCC - ACC GTG - CTG</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GAC - GGG - TGG - CAC - GGG CTC - AGC</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Di dalam suatu ekosistem yang seimbang terdapat efisiensi ekologi 10% untuk biomassa produsen sebesar 25.000 gram. Maka besar biomassa untuk konsumen tingkat dua adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.500 gram</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">250 gram</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25 gram</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25.000 gram</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50.000 gram</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bunga persian buttercup memiliki nama latin </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ranunculus flammula ssp</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">flammula var; tenuifolius</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Kata "Ranunculus" dan"</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tenuifolius</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> pada nama tersebut menunjukkan nama …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spesies dan genus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">genus dan penunjuk varietas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spesies dan penunjuk subspesies</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">subfilum dan penunjuk varietas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">subgenus dan penunjuk ras</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plasmodium vivax akan mengalami perubahan bentuk pada setiap fase dari siklus hidupnya. Fase yang terjadi di dalam tubuh nyamuk Anopheles adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">merozoit dan dan tropozoit</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ookinet dan Ookista</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sporozoit dan merozoit</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">merozoit dan zigot</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tropozoit dan gametosit</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan awal dari zigot pada tumbuhan</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Lycopodium clavatum</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> akan membentuk ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">protalium</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">protonema</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tumbuhan lumut</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tumbuhan paku</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">arkegonium</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan nama-nama hormon di bawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon ekdison</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon tiroid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Juvenile hormone</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Growth hormone</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon yang berperan dalam proses metamorfosis serangga adalah ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) dan (2)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) dan (3)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) dan (3)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) dan (4)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(3) dan (4)</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Grafik yang paling tepat menggambarkan perubahan jumlah kromosom pada pembelahan meiosis adalah …</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 205px; overflow: hidden; width: 602px;"><img height="205" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_NFQjr90bdki30lzr7ic2BIIJ29TuQ8HUjcn8pfSze04udKRd35EDDWumBOXSWIXUPp_zK_BlV33gBR__IMB0xoxObsnZdQgQB4LGyX5WJzHm-cESxH8g4bHZAjSFzAiGaffU5jR" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="602" /></span></span></p><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxya chinensis memiliki darah yang beredar dalam tubuh melalui pembuluh darah</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sistem peredaran darah </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxya chinensis</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> berfungsi untuk mengangkut sari makanan dan mengangkut oksigen</span></p><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Klorofil pada tumbuhan Zea mays dapat menyerap cahaya hijau dan menggunakan energi cahaya tersebut untuk proses fotosintesis</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman memerlukan cahaya untuk mem fotolisis air sehingga dapat menghasilkan ATP dan NADPH yang diperlukan dalam reaksi gelap</span></p><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Untuk mendalami penyakit demam berdarah, maka cabang ilmu biologi yang harus dipelajari adalah virologi.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penyakit demam berdarah disebabkan oleh virus dengue.</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oparin menyatakan bahwa atmosfer penuh dengan senyawa yang berbentuk gas seperti H</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O, CO</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, CH</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">4</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, NH</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, dan H</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menurut Oparin, proses evolusi berlangsung dari daratan menuju ke lautan</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Escherichia coli adalah jenis bakteri gram negatif yang memiliki peptidoglikan tipis.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bakteri gram negatif dapat resisten terhadap sistem imun karena memiliki lapisan lipopolisakarida pada dinding selnya</span></p><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gambar di bawah ini adalah gambar hasil pemutusan fragmen DNA di elektroforesis gel yang sampelnya diambil dari darah empat jenis organisme.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 174px; overflow: hidden; width: 308px;"><img height="174" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/dUaVyeVHGU2U4cSaav9oW3ALjN1Tu7CxXfPBR33squUJ156uOSaivKEyqjsLPgVu2B6dfmO7fVMkwH0rak8wcrkRw34U7rMNFxU53XI0WH9l-I9k1JOugA7ouDVvHa0D2b1avGAN" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="308" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang benar berdasarkan gambar tersebut adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organisme II dan Organisme IV memiliki fragmen DNA dengan berat molekul paling kecil</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hanya Organisme I yang memiliki berat molekul DNA paling besar</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organisme I berkerabat dekat dengan Organisme II</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organisme II berkerabat dekat dengan Organisme IV.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan kladogram dan pernyataan dibawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 139px; overflow: hidden; width: 232px;"><img height="139" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/4kxGDSUVfFoPh43ZgOaHTABQyGqYpQYNlMoLJosldw6rJkYrBc1DRgY7Wa3SOz3i4XUnLP9M4PvmWBv5eTsSIOEqy4lMrSd-GGGAJ-DuylqW2hsR7xDps6LcuHAdgH90l1yp-Eq7" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="232" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang benar berdasarkan cladogram diatas adalah …</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karakteristik untuk poin A adalah memiliki telur yang dilindungi oleh amnion</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amfibi, Reptil, Aves, dan Mamalia adalah kelompok taksa monofiletik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mamalia adalah nenek moyang dari Reptil dan Pisces</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reptil adalah sister taxa dari Aves</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perhatikan reaksi pembentukan urea berikut ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">X + NH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + CO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> --> Y.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y + NH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> –-> Z</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Z + H</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O + enzim --> X + Urea</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang benar berdasarkan reaksi di atas adalah ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut adalah enzim arginase</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">X adalah ornitin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Y adalah sitrulin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Z adalah arginin</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">KUNCI JAWABAN</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 451.27559055118115pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PEMBAHASAN</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Endodermis akar terbagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu bagian yang menebal yang disebut pita kaspari dan bagian yang tidak menebal disebut sel penerus. </span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pita kaspari berfungsi untuk menghalangi lewatnya air. dan unsur hara melalui dinding endodermis sehingga untuk mencapai stele, air harus masuk melalui plasmodesmata. Sedangkan sel penerus adalah bagian akar yang dapat dilewati air.</span></p><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tumbuhan mangga (Mangifera indica) adalah tumbuhan yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok Angiospermae (tumbuhan berbiji tertutup). Angiospermae adalah kelompok tumbuhan yang melakukan proses pembuahan ganda.</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembuahan I:</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 42.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inti generatif 1/inti sperma 1 (n) akan bertemu dengan sel telur (ovum) (n) dan membentuk zigot (2n).</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembuahan II</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 42.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inti generatif 2/inti sperma 2 (n) akan bertemu dengan inti kandung lembaga sekunder/inti kutub (2n) dan membentuk endosperm (3n).</span></p><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ketika potongan kentang dimasukkan ke dalam air garam maka akan terjadi peristiwa osmosis. Akibat terjadinya osmosis,sel kentang akan mengalami plasmolisis, yaitu mengerutnya sel yang menyebabkan membran plasma lepas dari dinding sel tumbuhan. Plasmolisis terjadi ketika sel tumbuhan berada di dalam larutan yang pekat atau berkonsentrasi tinggi. Ketika potongan kentang dimasukkan ke dalam air garam maka terjadi perpindahan molekul air dari dalam kentang ke larutan air garam, sehingga volume air garam bertambah dan berat potongan kentang menurun</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui:</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jumlah populasi : 100 orang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">jumlah golongan darah A : 150 orang Jumlah golongan darah O: 490 orang</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditanya: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan: darah AB?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jawab:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persamaan Hardy - Weinberg untuk Alel ganda</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + 2pr + q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">+ 2qr + 2pq + r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 1</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = pp = golongan darah A homozigot</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2pr = golongan darah A heterozigot</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = golongan darah B homozigot</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2qr = golongan darah B heterozigot</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2pq = golongan darah AB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = golongan darah O</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">frekuensi golongan darah O </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">r</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 4901000 = 0,49</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">r = 0,7</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi golongan darah A</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(p + r)2 = 490 + 150</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> —----------</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1000</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 0,64</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">p + r = 0,8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P = 0,8 - 0,7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 0,1</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">maka p + q + r = 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> r = 1 - 0,1 - 0,8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 0,2</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Frekuensi golongan darah AB (2pq) </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2pq = 2 x 0,1 x 0,2</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> = 0,04</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jumlah golongan darah AB = 0,04 x 1000 = 40 orang</span></p></li></ul><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman tebu (Saccharum arundinaceum) adalah salah satu contoh tumbuhan C4. Tanaman C4 dapat beradaptasi dengan baik pada suhu lingkungan yang panas dan terik. Proses fiksasi pada tumbuhan C4 dilakukan oleh fosfoenolpiruvat (PEP) yang dikatalis oleh enzim PEP karboksilase yang akan menghasilkan senyawa stabil yang pertama berupa asam oksaloasetat. Pada tanaman C4 proses fiksasi CO2, terjadi di bagian mesofil daun dan proses siklus Calvin yang menghasilkan glukosa terjadi di bagian seludang pembuluhnya. Proses fiksasi CO, dan siklus Calvin berlangsung pada siang hari.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui:</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antikodon/tRNA = GGG - CUC - AGC GAC - GGG - UGG - CAC</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditanya:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antisense/ DNA template?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jawab:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antikodon/tRNA = GGG - CUC - AGC - GAC - GGG UGG - CAC</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon/mRNA = = CCC - GAG - UCG - CUG - CCC ACC - GUG</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antisense/DNA template = GGG - CTC - AGC - GAC - GGG TGG - CAC</span></p></li></ul><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Konsumen hanya mampu memanfaatkan 10% energi yang diperoleh dari organisme yang berada pada tingkat trofik di bawahnya karena tidak semua makanan yang dimakan oleh konsumen dapat dicerna dan sebagian besar energi yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk proses metabolisme. Pada soal diketahui produsen mempunyai energi sebanyak 25.000 gram maka untuk tingkatan trofik II (konsumen I) hanya menerima 10% energi dari produsen, yaitu sebanyak 2.500 gram dan hal ini berlanjut hingga tingkatan trofik selanjutnya. Maka tingkatan trofik III (konsumen II) memiliki biomassa 250 gram</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penulisan nama ilmiah pertama kali dicetuskan oleh </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carolus Linnaeus</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> yang menggunakan sistem tata nama ganda atau </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">binomial nomenklatur</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Sistem tata nama </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">binomial nomenklatur</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> mengikuti beberapa kaidah sebagai berikut.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menggunakan bahasa Latin atau bahasa lain yang dilatinkan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Terdiri atas dua kata, kata pertama merupakan nama genus, sedangkan kata kedua merupakan nama spesies</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Huruf pertama pada kata pertama ditulis dengan huruf besar</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(uppercase), huruf selanjutnya ditulis dengan huruf kecil (lowercase).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nama genus dan nama spesies dicetak miring jika diketik di komputer atau digaris bawahi secara terpisah jika ditulis tangan.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nama atau singkatan nama deskriptor dapat dituliskan di belakang nama spesies, dengan huruf tegak dan tanpa garis bawah.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Subspesies dan varietas ditulis miring, ssp. (subspesies) ditulis setelah penunjuk spesies dan tidak ditulis miring dan var. (varietas) ditulis setelah subspesies dan tidak ditulis miring. Tanaman bunga persian buttercup memiliki nama Latin Ranunculus flammula ssp. flammula var, tenuifolius. Kata "Ranunculus" adalah penunjuk genus dan kata "tenuifolia" adalah penunjuk varietas.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penyebaran Plasmodium vivax melalui nyamuk Anopheles betina dengan siklus hidupnya sebagai berikut</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Air liur nyamuk Anopheles betina yang mengandung sporozoit menggigit manusia dan meninggalkan sporozoit di dalam jaringan darah tubuh manusia</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sporozoit masuk ke dalam hati dan berkembang menjadi hipnozoit yang kemudian menjadi skizon. Akan tetapi tidak semua sporozoit berkembang menjadi skoizon, ada beberapa yang berkembang menjadi hipnozoit dan bertahan selama beberapa bulan di dalam sel hati</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Merozoit tumbuh dan bereproduksi secara berulang-ulang sehingga menghasilkan merozoit baru</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(tropozoit). Tropozoit keluar dari hati dan menyerang eritrosit secara berulang dengan interval waktu 48-72 jam akibatnya penderita mengalami demam dan menggigil secara periodik.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Merozoit berkembang menjadi gametofit jantan (mikrogametosit) dan gametosit betina (mikrogametofit)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jika nyamuk Anopheles betina kembali menggigit dan menghisap darah penderita, maka mikrogametosit dan makrogametosit pindah ke saluran pencernaan nyamuk dan berkembang menjadi mikrogamet dan makrogamet.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Di saluran pencernaan mikrogamet dan makrogamet mengalami peleburan menjadi zigot (2n) yang kemudian berkembang menjadi ookinet.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ookinet berkembang menjadi ookista yang berdinding tebal. Ookista akan berkembang menjadi ribuan sporozoit.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sporozoit keluar dari usus dan berpindah ke kelenjar ludah nyamuk. Sporozoit akan mengalami siklus yang sama saat nyamuk menginfeksi orang sehat lainnya.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dengan demikian, fase yang terjadi di dalam tubuh nyamuk Anopheles adalah ookinet dan ookista.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lycopodium clavatum atau paku kawat adalah salah satu contoh tumbuhan paku (pteridophyta). Tumbuhan paku mengalami proses metagenesis atau pergiliran keturunan yang dapat dilihat pada skema dibawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 338px; overflow: hidden; width: 316px;"><img height="338" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Ruh6MpAcY9XDr3e18zH9Rf0ktASFtkahVvF3pMqFEF0LjUzw5UeulUdwgB0cNqgHEzO47tw9QqXuHGf6vmQsWWZVoWPTI7WsK6KhCaDCt8LaMHgGfhl8jY21pEoPXZFngAGbVNiU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="316" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berdasarkan skema metagenesis diatas dapat kita lihat bahwa zigot akan berkembang menjadi tumbuhan paku</span></p><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon yang berperan dalam metamorfosis serangga adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hormon ekdison atau hormon ekdisteroid. </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 42.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hormon ekdison akan disekresikan oleh PTTH (hormon protorasikotropik) pada kelenjar protoraks yang ada di tiga segmen pertama bagian toraks serangga. Hormon ekdison akan menstimulasi terjadinya ekdisis atau pergantian kulit. Hormon ekdison juga berperan dalam menstimulasi terjadinya metamorfosis. </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Juvenile hormone</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 42.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon ini disekresi oleh kelenjar endokrin yang ada di belakang otak serangga, yang bernama korpora alata. Juvenile hormone berperan dalam mengontrol aktivitas hormon ekdison dengan mempertahankan hewan tetap dalam fase larva. Selain itu juga juvenile hormone berperan dalam sistem reproduksi.</span></p><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meiosis adalah pembelahan yang terjadi pada sel gamet. Meiosis disebut juga sebagai pembelahan reduksi karena menghasilkan sel anakan dengan jumlah kromosom separuh dari induknya.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembelahan meiosis melalui dua tahapan, yaitu meiosis I dan meiosis II tanpa ada interfase di antara meiosis I dan II. Pada tahap meiosis I terjadi proses reduksi kromosom karena adanya pembagian kromosom homolog yang terjadi pada fase anafase I, sedangkan pada tahap meiosis Il tidak terjadi reduksi kromosom karena tahapan pada meiosis II sama seperti pada pembelahan mitosis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sehingga, diagram yang paling tepat untuk menunjukkan jumlah kromosom pada pembelahan sel adalah diagram A. Pada diagram A terlihat jumlah kromosom yang semula konstan (fase profase I dan metafase I tahap meiosis I) kemudian mengalami penurunan karena terjadi reduksi kromosom (fase anafase I tahap meiosis I) dan kembali konstan. (fase telofase I sampai tahap meiosis II).</span></p><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oxya chinensis adalah nama Latin untuk belalang hijau. Belalang hijau termasuk ke dalam kelas Insekta yang memiliki sistem peredaraan darah terbuka. Sistem peredaran darah terbuka adalah peredaran darah yang cukup sederhana dimana jantung mengalirkan darah ke seluruh tubuh dengan cara mengalirkan darah ke rongga-rongga tubuh. Sistem peredaran darah terbuka tidak menggunakan pembuluh darah dalam mengedarkan sirkulasi darah (pernyataan pada soal salah). Pada serangga, darah (atau lebih dikenal sebagai hemolimfa) tidak terlibat dalam peredaran oksigen. Oksigen pada serangga diedarkan melalui sistem trakea berupa saluran-saluran yang menyalurkan udara secara langsung ke jaringan tubuh. Darah pada serangga hanya berfungsi untuk mengangkut sari makanan dan mengekskresikan bahan sisa metabolisme (alasan salah).</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Klorofil dapat menyerap cahaya matahari dan mengubahnya menjadi energi kimia. Cahaya matahari memiliki banyak warna dengan panjang gelombang yang berbeda. Klorofil hanya dapat menyerap warna violet-biru dan merah, sedangkan warna lainnya akan dipantulkan (pernyataan salah). Cahaya pada fotosintesis digunakan untuk mem fotolisis air sehingga dihasilkan elektron untuk fotosistem. Fotolisis air merupakan bagian dari reaksi terang yang akan menghasilkan ATP, NADPH, dan O ,. ATP dan NADPH hasil reaksi terang akan digunakan dalam siklus Calvin yang akan menghasilkan glukosa (alasan benar)..</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Demam berdarah atau demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Flavivirus (virus dengue), jadi alasan benar. Virus ini masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus, yang hidup di wilayah tropis dan subtropis demam berdarah ditandai gejala tubuh menggigil dan sakit kepala. Timbul rasa sakit, khususnya pada punggung, sendi, otot, dan bola mata. Suhu badan kembali normal setelah 5-6 hari dan meningkat kembali sekitar 5-8 hari kemudian. Bercak-bercak merah akan timbul dan berlangsung selama.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24-72 jam. Kadar trombosit dalam darah akan menurun dan kondisi paling parah adalah terjadinya perdarahan yang menyebabkan kematian. Karena penyakit DBD disebabkan oleh virus, maka cabang ilmu biologi yang perlu dipelajari adalah virologi (pernyataan benar).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jadi, pernyataan dan alasan benar, serta keduanya saling berhubungan.</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menurut teori evolusi biokimia oleh Oparin, bahwa awalnya atmosfer bumi banyak mengandung senyawa berbentuk gas seperti H2O, CO2, CH4, NH2, dan H2 (pernyataan benar).</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dengan adanya energi dari benda-benda angkasa/petir, zat-zat tersebut bereaksi membentuk zat organik sederhana yang berlangsung tanpa adanya oksigen. Zat organik terbawa oleh air hujan menuju ke lautan yang panas sehingga disebut primordial soup (sup purba). Secara bertahap zat organik sederhana membentuk makromolekul (asam amino.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dan nukleotida), makromolekul (protein, nukleotida, asam nukleat, polipeptida, lemak, dan polisakarida), dan tetesan protobion (sel purba). Selanjutnya, senyawa organik akan mengalami evolusi 7 biologi hingga terbentuk organisme yang kompleks. Sehingga disimpulkan proses evolusi menurut teori evolusi biokimia berlangsung dari lautan menuju ke daratan (alasan salah)</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Escherichia coli adalah jenis bakteri gram negatif yang umumnya dapat ditemukan di dalam usus halus manusia. Bakteri gram negatif memiliki peptidoglikan tipis yang terletak di antara dua membran. Pada bagian terluar dari membran luar bakteri gram negatif terdapat lapisan lipopolisakarida (polisakarida yang terikat pada lipid). Lapisan lipopolisakarida ini dapat menyebabkan bakteri resisten atau kebal terhadap antibiotik dan beberapa jenis obat. Dengan demikian pernyataan benar dan alasan salah, karena lipopolisakarida hanya dapat ditemukan di bagian membran luar, bukan di dinding sel bakteri.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hasil elektroforesis DNA pada soal menunjukkan garis gel pada setiap organisme yang diamati. Organisme yang banyak memiliki garis gel yang sejajar berarti memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat. Maka Organisme II dan Organisme IV berkerabat dekat karena memiliki lebih banyak posisi garis gel yang sesuai. Garis gel pada Organisme II dan Organisme IV berada pada barisan paling bawah, berarti kedua organisme tersebut memiliki fragmen DNA dengan molekul yang paling berat. Dengan demikian pernyataan pernyataan yang tepat hanya nomor 4.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kladogram pada soal menunjukkan pohon filogenetik untuk hewan Vertebrata. Pada cabang pertama terdapat kelompok Pisces yang terpisah dari nenek moyangnya karena memiliki ciri yang berbeda, yaitu jantung yang beruang dua, tubuh ditutupi oleh sisik, dan memiliki sirip sebagai alat gerak. Amfibi terpisah dari nenek moyangnya karena memiliki ciri jantung beruang tiga tanpa katup pemisah, berkulit licin, dan memiliki empat kaki sebagai alat gerak (titik A), sehingga nenek moyang amfibi adalah Tetrapoda. Reptil, Aves, dan Mamalia memiliki persamaan ciri, yaitu terdapat amnion pada telurnya (titik B) sehingga nenek moyang ketiga taksa tersebut adalah Amniota, jadi pernyataan 1 salah. Aves terpisah dari Reptil karena memiliki perbedaan ciri, yaitu tubuh yang ditutupi oleh bulu (titik D), sedangkan Reptil memiliki permukaan tubuh yang ditutupi oleh sisik yang keras. Mamalia terpisah dari nenek moyangnya karena Mamalia memiliki jantung beruang empat yang sempurna, sedangkan pada subkingdom Reptil memiliki jantung beruang tiga dengan katup.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada kladogram terdapat tiga kelompok takson, yaitu monofiletik, polifiletik, dan parafiletik. Monofiletik adalah kelompok taksa yang nenek moyang tunggalnya hanya menghasilkan semua spesies turunan dalam takson tersebut dan bukan spesies pada takson lain, misalnya Reptil, mamalia yang berasal dari nenek moyang Amniota (pernyataan 2 benar dan pernyataan 3 salah). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Polifiletik yaitu jika anggotanya diturunkan dari dua atau lebih bentuk nenek moyang yang tidak sama bagi semua anggotanya. Misalnya amphibia dan reptilia. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parafiletik yaitu jika takson meliputi spesies yang memiliki nenek moyang dan baru tetapi tidak seluruhnya merupakan keturunannya, misalnya Amphibia, reptilia dan aves. Sedangkan sister taxa adalah kerabat terdekat pada suatu taksa monofiletik, misalnya reptil dan aves Pernyataan 4 benar</span></p><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Apabila tubuh kelebihan asam amino maka tubuh akan mengalami deaminasi. deaminasi terjadi di dalam hati. Asam amino yang bersifat racun bagi tubuh akan diubah menjadi urea. dibawah ini adalah skema pembentukkan urea.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 173px; overflow: hidden; width: 252px;"><img height="173" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/difdtcYMJ3ELXynXxFCFOSN-zjc2TGyoygezFfMYAe1dqKKufSo55UNtfsgbmHn0lbrDcJmrCnsFYvCpiutK3RIhODk0xuzRgigK6UvwLzKZfXCPbOlztZgX7kvMzpleJ5zBjZ72" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="252" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reaksi kimia dari proses pembentukan urea adalah sebagai berikut.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ornitin + NH2 + CO, - > Sitrulin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sitrulin + NH2 --> Arginin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arginin + H,O + enzim arginase → Ornitin + Urea</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dengan demikian, X adalah ornitin, Y adalah sitrulin, Z adalah arginin, dan enzim yang terlibat adalah enzim arginase.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jadi, semua pernyataan benar</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">---------------------------------------------------------</span></div></span><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 4 TAHUN 2022</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f264e1b-7fff-bd2b-6feb-432ffa126a9c"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beberapa jenis Bakteri memiliki struktur dorman dalam sitoplasmanya yang disebut endospora, hal yang tidak tepat berkenaan dengan endospora adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Umumnya terdapat pada bakteri gram positif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menyebabkan sel bakteri bertahan lebih dari satu tahun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aktivitas metabolismenya terhenti untuk menahan cekaman lingkungan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menjadikan bakteri tahan terhadap cekaman kimia fisik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menjadikan bakteri tahan terhadap kondisi vakum dan radiasi ruang angkasa</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organisme yang dapat mendegradasi bahan organik memiliki dinding sel, nukleus, mitokondria, retikulum endoplasma, badan golgi serta tidak memiliki sentriol, flagela dan kloroplas adalah … </span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fungi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Protista</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eubacteria</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Archaebacteria</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Keunggulan struktural tumbuhan spermatophyta yang sekaligus merupakan perkembangan evolusioner yang lebih maju sebagai tumbuhan darat dibandingkan Bryophyta adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">daun berupa makrofil</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki xilem dan floem</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">habitus berupa herba atau pohon</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reproduksi secara vegetatif atau generatif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pergiliran generasi gametofit dan sporofit</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interaksi antarspesies tidak terjadi kompetisi ….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pasangan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">makanan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">teritorial</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">relung</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">habitat</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organel sel yang berfungsi menggerakkan benang benang spindel ke arah kutub pada saat pembelahan sel adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sentrosom</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sentromer</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">filamen aktin.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">filamen antara</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kinetokor</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan manakah yang tepat mengenai mekanisme kerja jaringan otot?</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otot lurik bekerja lambat dalam menanggapi rangsang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otot jantung bekerja cepat dalam menanggapi rangsang</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otot serat lintang bersifat involunter</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otot jantung bersifat involunter</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Otot polos bersifat volunter</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada saat berlari 100 m, peningkatan kebutuhan oksigen pada jaringan dipenuhi oleh …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peningkatan eritropoetin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">peningkatan tekanan parsial CO2</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">peningkatan cardiac output</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">peningkatan 2,3 diphospogliserat (2, 3 DPG)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">semua benar</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada sistem peredaran darah manusia dikenal istilah sistol dan diastol. Kondisi yang menyebabkan terjadinya diastol adalah ...</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serambi mengembang dan bilik menguncup, darah mengalir dari serambi ke bilik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serambi menguncup dan bilik mengembang, darah mengalir dari serambi ke bilik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">bilik menguncup dan serambi mengembang, darah mengalir dari jantung ke seluruh tubuh</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">bilik menguncup dan serambi mengembang, darah mengalir dari luar tubuh ke jantung</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">serambi menguncup dan bilik mengembang, darah mengalir dari jantung ke seluruh tubuh</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang salah mengenai tumbuhan C3 dan C4 adalah....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">contoh tanaman C3 adalah tomat dan tembakau, sedangkan contoh C4 adalah tebu dan jagung</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RuBP penerima CO, pada tumbuhan C3 dihasilkan dalam sel-sel mesofil daunnya, sedangkan pada tumbuhan C4 di dalam sel seludang ikatan pembuluh</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RuBP karboksilase pada tumbuhan C3 tidak efisien pada konsentrasi CO, rendah, pada tumbuhan C4 efisien pada konsentrasi CO, tinggi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pada tumbuhan C3 maupun C4 berlangsung fiksasi CO, di dalam sel-sel mesofil</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fotorespirasi lebih banyak terjadi pada tumbuhan C4 dibandingkan tumbuhan C3 </span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penyakit Huntington disebabkan oleh alel-alel dominan autosomal. Jika pria heterozigot menikah dengan wanita normal, maka persentase keturunannya akan menderita Huntington sebesar ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">0%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">75%</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">100%</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bila suami memiliki genotipe golongan darah I</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> dan istri I</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, beberapa genotipe dan fenotipe golongan darah yang mungkin dimiliki keturunannya adalah …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 genotip, 3 fenotip</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 genotip, 2 fenotip</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 genotip, 3 fenotip</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 genotip, 3 fenotip</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 genotip, 4 fenotip</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perbandingan struktur antara sayap kupu-kupu dengan sayap burung merupakan konsep perbandingan yang bersifat …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fungsional</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adaptif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">evolusi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">homologi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">analogi</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tanaman yang tahan herbisida glifosat merupakan produk bioteknologi hasil pemanfaatan gen penyandi enzim EPSP sintase. Pembuatan tanaman tersebut melalui proses ….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rekayasa genetika</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fusi protoplas</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hibridisasi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">variasi somaklonal</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kultur jaringan</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belalang memiliki darah yang beredar bebas dalam tubuh tanpa melalui pembuluh</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sistem peredaran darah belalang berfungsi mengangkut sari makanan dan oksigen tetapi tidak mengangkut karbondioksida</span></p><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asam nukleat virus merupakan unsur genetik penentu sifat virus</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asam nukleat virus adalah DNA yang merupakan penyedia asam amino dalam sintesis protein virus</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pindah silang (crossing over) terjadi pada sel yang mengalami mitosis dan meiosis</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pindah silang selalu terjadi pada kromosom homolog pada setiap pembelahan sel</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses pencernaan karbohidrat secara kimiawi yang melibatkan enzim, pada manusia terjadi di dalam …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mulut</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lambung</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">duodenum</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kolon</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adanya hewan endemik seperti komodo terjadi karena …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adaptasi lingkungan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">isolasi geografi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">seleksi alam</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mutasi</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan berikut yang berkaitan dengan proses respirasi aerob adalah ….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menggunakan oksigen sebagai akseptor elektron terakhir</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hasil yang diperoleh adalah asam laktat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">proses pemecahan substrat masuk ke siklus krebs</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">proses ini berlangsung pada sel eukariotik dan prokariotik</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prinsip penerapan teknologi kultur jaringan berdasarkan konsep totipotensi sel yaitu … .</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dapat dilakukan dalam kondisi non steril</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">memiliki sel-sel yang berbentuk relatif kecil</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hanya jaringan tertentu yang dapat berdiferensiasi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">menumbuhkan sifat meristematik sel tanaman</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">KUNCI JAWABAN</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 451.27559055118115pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PEMBAHASAN</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dormansi pada bakteri terjadi dengan pembentukan endospora (lapisan pelindung) dalam kondisi yang tidak menguntungkan bagi bakteri. Aktivitas metabolisme pada bakteri yang dorman terhenti sehingga bakteri tersebut tahan terhadap cekaman dan bertahan selama bertahun-tahun. Endospora dapat terbentuk pada bakteri gram positif dan negatif. dapat Pernyataan terbentuk yang tidak tepat tentang endospora adalah umumnya terdapat pada bakteri gram positif.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">02. Organisme yang memiliki ciri-ciri </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dapat mendegradasi bahan organik memiliki dinding sel, nukleus, mitokondria, retikulum endoplasma, badan golgi serta tidak memiliki sentriol, flagela dan kloroplas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> adalah jamur atau fungi. Fungi memiliki kemampuan khusus menguraikan bahan organik dari sisa organisme yang telah mati menjadi senyawa anorganik yang menyuburkan tanah.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">03. Tanaman Bryophyta atau tanaman lumut merupakan anggota kingdom Plantae yang paling primitif karena masih memiliki sifat talus, yaitu tidak memiliki pembuluh angkut baik xilem maupun floem , dan juga belum jelas batas antara akar, batang dan daun </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Keunggulan struktural Spermatophyta atau tumbuhan berbiji secara evolusioner dibandingkan Bryophyta adalah spermatophyta telah memiliki xilem yang berperan dalam proses pengangkutan air dan garam mineral serta floem yang berperan dalam pengangkutan hasil fotosintesis </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">04. Interaksi antarspesies merupakan interaksi yang terjadi di antara individu-individu yang berbeda jenis/spesies. Interaksi antarspesies akan menimbulkan suatu kompetisi yang berupa kompetisi dalam memperebutkan makanan, teritorial, relung, dan habitat. Sedangkan kompetisi dalam memperebutkan pasangan akan terjadi pada interaksi dalam satu spesies (interspesies). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">05. Organel sel yang berperan dalam pembelahan sel, misalnya dalam inisiasi sitokinesis (pemisahan sel induk), mengatur pergerakan spindel dalam menarik kromosom adalah sentrosom. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">06. Deskripsi ciri-ciri jenis-jenis otot </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 339px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 364px;"><img height="251" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/6J2B7jH6h3DAqjoCG4YGSCXruKwe3nesB0XnPs6oHhNqh80QrGWO-A38WW2eNkrPyDcs48fqtVFSOHVdmF32tXItpfi39tqJV0E9Z7aZ_38xkf7IYEUh-_k7Kjd8UIgD_9I93qws=w269-h251" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="269" /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">07. Peningkatan kebutuhan oksigen di jaringan dipenuhi oleh peningkatan cardiac output atau curah jantung atau volume darah per menit yang dipompakan oleh ventrikel kiri ke dalam sirkulasi sistemik (seluruh tubuh), maka cardiac output pun semakin meningkat.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">08. Diastol disebabkan oleh relaksasi serambi (serambi mengembang) sehingga darah dari seluruh tubuh mengalir masuk ke serambi kanan jantung, dan darah dari paru-paru mengalir masuk ke serambi kiri jantung.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">09. Tumbuhan C4 lebih adaptif di daerah panas dan kering. Contohnya, jagung, sorgum dan tebu. Sedangkan tanaman C3 lebih adaptif pada kondisi kandungan CO, atmosfer tinggi. Contohnya, kedelai, kacang tanah, dan kentang.. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fotorespirasi adalah kemampuan RuBP berikatan dengan CO, (fotosintesis) sekaligus berikatan dengan O, (respirasi), yang terjadi pada saat konsentrasi CO, di atmosfer rendah. Kemampuan ini hanya dimiliki tumbuhan C3.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Penyakit Huntington disebabkan oleh alel autosomal dominan</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HH : mati</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hh : menderita </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hh normal </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pria heterozigot (Hh) menikah dengan wanita normal (hh), persentase keturunan yang menderita Huntington: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Parental</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Pria menderita><wanita normal</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gamet</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Hh >< hh </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">F1</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: 50% Hh (menderita) dan 50% hh (normal)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. P </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> : I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> x I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> G : .I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="83"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="80"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span></p></td><td style="background-color: #d9d9d9; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">A</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">O</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.51968503937009pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jadi diperoleh keturunan dengan 4 genotip dan 3 fenotip</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. sayap kupu-kupu dengan sayap burung merupakan organ yang asal usul (struktur anatomi yang berbeda), tetapi memiliki fungsi yang sama (analog)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rekayasa genetika</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> adalah teknik menggabungkan DNA tertentu dengan plasmid bakteri. Contohnya, tanaman transgenik tahan hama</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fusi protoplas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> adalah metode persilangan atau hibridisasi tanaman dengan memanfaatkan rekayasa genetika konvensional. Teknik fusi protoplas dapat digunakan untuk mencampur sifat genetik dari spesies tanaman yang sama ataupun dari spesies yang berbeda</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hibridisasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> adalah persilangan antar varietas dalam spesies sama yang bersifat unggul.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Variasi somaklonal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> adalah keragaman genetik pada tanaman budidaya.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kultur jaringan adalah budidaya vegetatif tanaman dengan menggunakan sel/jaringan menjadi individu baru yang seragam, jumlahnya banyak dan cepat</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Sistem peredaran darah pada serangga merupakan peredaran darah terbuka (beredar tanpa melalui pembuluh darah). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Pernyataan benar)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peredaran darah pada belalang hanya mengangkut sari-sari makanan karena oksigen dan karbon dioksida beredar melalui sistem trakea. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Alasan salah)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Virus merupakan organisme non seluler. Ciri-ciri virus, antara lain: </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tubuhnya terdiri dari kapsid (selubung protein), isi kepala (DNA/RNA), ekor </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hanya mengandung 1 asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA saja) sebagai unsur genetik penentu sifat virus </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(pernyataan benar) </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hanya hidup pada sel hidup (sel inang) </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">penyedia asam amino dalam sintesis protein virus diperoleh dari metabolisme protein lewat sel inang </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(alasan salah) </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reproduksi dengan replikasi/penggandaan sel inang</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16. Pindah silang dapat terjadi pada pembelahan sel secara mitosis (pada paraseksual jamur/fungsi) dan meiosis (pada profase 1). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Pernyataan benar)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pindah silang pada pembelahan mitosis antar kromosom nonhomolog, sedangkan pada pembelahan meiosis antarkromosom homolog. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Alasan salah)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. proses pencernaan karbohidrat secara kimiawi berlangsung di dalam mulut oleh enzim amilase dan didalam duodenum oleh enzim disakarase.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18. organisme dapat dikatakan endemik apabila ditemukan hanya di tempat tertentu dan tidak ditemukan di banyak tempat.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Komodo (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Varanus komodoensis)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> merupakan satu-satunya reptil purba yang masih ada sampai saat ini. Komodo sebagai hewan endemik karena :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adaptasi lingkungan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adanya isolasi geografi</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">seleksi alam</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. Respirasi aerob merupakan proses respirasi yang membutuhkan udara (oksigen). Reaksi ini terjadi di dalam mitokondria (sel eukariotik). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses respirasi aerob, meliputi.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glikolisis (pembentukan asam piruvat)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dekarboksilasi oksidatif (pembentukan asetil Ko A)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Siklus Krebs (pembentukan asam sitrat)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transfer elektron H</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;">+</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> + O</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 2H</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O + 34 ATP</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. Totipotensi adalah kemampuan setiap sel, jaringan tanaman menjadi individu baru yang sempurna. Kemampuan totipotensi ini dimanfaatkan dalam teknik kultur jaringan, yaitu teknik reproduksi vegetatif dalam kondisi steril menggunakan jaringan yang masih memiliki sifat meristematis (jaringan hidup) dengan ciri sel berukuran relatif kecil. Kultur jaringan tersebut dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah besar, waktu singkat meskipun hasil kultur jaringan sama dengan induk</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">--------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">SIAP UTBK BIOLOGI 5 TAHUN 2022</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-24b3c8f9-7fff-3658-f288-609d5ce47fc7"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat!</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kelompok jamur yang menguntungkan bagi manusia antara lain … ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pythium sp, Phytophora infestans, Aspergillus fumigatus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Epidermophyton floccosum, Ustilago maydis, Saprolegnia</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saprolegnia, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ustilago maydis, Aspergillus flavus, penicillium camemberti</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Volvariella volvaceae, Auricularia polytrica, Aspergillus oryzae</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dalam suatu ekspedisi telah ditemukan tumbuhan dengan ciri-ciri tidak berkayu, berdaun menyirip, tidak berbunga, batang roset, daun muda menggulung. Jika anda diminta untuk menduga tumbuhan kelompok apakah yang anda temukan tersebut? … </span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Angiospermae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bryophyta</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Monokotiledoneae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gymnospermae</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pteridophyta</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Permukaan daun tumbuhan pada bagian atas lebih tampak hijau daripada permukaan bawah karena ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">epidermis atas banyak mengandung kutikula</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">epidermis atas banyak mengandung stomata</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">di bawah epidermis atas terdapat palisade</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">di bawah epidermis atas terdapat spons</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">epidermis bawah tidak terkena cahaya</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bila seseorang pindah dari tempat gelap ke tempat yang sangat terang, secara refleks pupil matanya akan mengecil. Mekanisme penghantaran rangsang refleks pada gerakan tersebut adalah mulai dari reseptor ….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neuron sensorik → interneuron di otak → neuron motorik → efektor</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neuron motorik → interneuron di otak → neuron sensorik → efektor</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neuron sensorik → neuron di otak → neuron motorik → efektor</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neuron sensorik → interneuron di sumsum tulang belakang → neuron motorik → efektor</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">neuron sensorik → neuron di sumsum tulang belakang → neuron motorik → efektor</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan yang salah mengenai fotofosforilasi siklik dan nonsiklik adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pada fotofosforilasi nonsiklik sumber elektron yang memasuki fotosistem Il adalah molekul air, dan pada fotofosforilasi siklik sumber elektron adalah fotosistem I</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pada fotofosforilasi nonsiklik penerima elektron terakhir adalah NADP, pada fotofosforilasi siklik penerima elektron terakhir adalah fotosistem I</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">baik fotofosforilasi nonsiklik maupun siklik melibatkan perpindahan elektron melalui serangkaian pembawa elektron</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">hasil dari fotofosforilasi nonsiklik adalah ATP, NADPH ,, dan O ,, sedangkan hasil dari fotofosforilasi siklik hanya ATP</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fotofosforilasi non siklik melibatkan fotosistem I dan Il, fotofosforilasi siklik hanya melibatkan fotosistem Il</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laki-laki memiliki golongan darah O rhesus positif menikah dengan perempuan dengan golongan darah B rhesus negatif. Informasi genetik pasangan ini dapat dilihat pada peta silsilah di bawah ini!</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 194px; overflow: hidden; width: 312px;"><img height="194" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ag6ImwXNrbyMNuv2W1kmhzlfFgeubq5PLwX8UOwo73XIqmbkWNSz8J7XfUBRrFKb13Zx-LWphFRu86r6LB28zcR2fe004FZWr_gkGjc0oS0PrfTAk7dgKNhn1uTNKuftfi4LBcp8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="312" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jika pasangan tersebut kemudian memiliki keturunan, maka golongan darah yang mungkin dimiliki oleh anak-anak mereka adalah ....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B rhesus positif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O rhesus positif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B rhesus negatif dan B rhesus positif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">O rhesus negatif dan O rhesus positif</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B rhesus negatif, B rhesus positif, O rhesus negatif, dan O rhesus positif</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses berikut terjadi pada interfase, kecuali ..</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">replikasi DNA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pembentukkan organel sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">duplikasi kromosom menjadi kromatid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">metabolisme sel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sintesis protein</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berikut data hasil percobaan yang dilakukan Spallanzani</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labu I: air kaldu mengalami perubahan menjadi keruh baunya tidak enak.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labu Il: air kaldu tidak mengalami perubahan, baunya tidak berubah</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kesimpulan yang dikemukakan oleh Spallanzani adalah .....</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belatung berasal dari telur lalat</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belatung berasal dari daging yang membusuk</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perubahan air kaldu disebabkan reaksi kimia yang membentuk asam amino</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembusukkan air kaldu disebabkan oleh mikroba, yang terdapat di udara</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Perubahan air kaldu karena adanya pengaruh energi listrik</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seorang ahli paleontologi membandingkan fosil dua spesies primata, dan keduanya diketahui memiliki ekor yang bersifat prehensil. Berdasarkan bukti fosil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua spesies ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki kemampuan berjalan secara bipedal</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Merupakan primata yang bersifat terestrial</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tidak memiliki hubungan kekerabatan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berevolusi dari ansestor yang sama</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Memiliki tipe pakan yang sama </span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="10" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dalam rekayasa teknologi plasmid suatu gen target dapat disisipkan ke dalam plasmid bakteri karena adanya peran penting dari enzim … ....</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">restriksi endonuklease</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RNA polimerase</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">topoisomerase</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ligase</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">primase</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="11" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sebagian besar biomassa yang diperoleh tumbuhan selama tumbuh berasal dari …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karbon dioksida di udara yang memasuki daun melalui stomata</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Senyawa organik dalam tanah yang diambil oleh akar tumbuhan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mineral yang larut di dalam air dan diambil oleh akar tumbuhan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energi dari matahari yang ditangkap oleh daun</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Karbon dari serasah daun yang hancur dalam tanah</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="12" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada kurva di atas kondisi paling dekat yang menggambarkan potensi biotik dalam populasi pada grafik tersebut adalah ....</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 183px; overflow: hidden; width: 359px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/HLVEi4TW8E4c685RaDpdAX-U1mFFqjOfyothLtKgoGSEqPaFemtUxxS7j_99Q71hfqvlcdvEQg-2Y0sddjzaL6lwO6Qpa8AdfGeT36hg8QCa_7wazwlTUg5AO_BiRsKuVlSDosGS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="359" /></span></span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="13" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diketahui urutan basa nitrogen pada rantai nukleotida DNA awal adalah ACC-GGC-TAA. Jika terjadi adisi basa nitrogen T di awal rantai maka rantai akan berubah ….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AAC-CGG-CTA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CCG-GCT-TAA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TAC-CGG-CTA</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TAA-CGC-AAT</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: upper-alpha; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TAA-CGC-AAT</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="14" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Penyakit diabetes insipidus disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon pitresin dalam tubuh, sehingga penderita sering buang air kecil</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon pitresin mengatur jumlah air dalam tubuh dengan cara menekan penyerapan air oleh nefron</span></p><br /><ol start="15" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Domestikasi mempercepat terbentuknya spesies baru</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">domestikasi meningkatkan timbulnya variasi antar individu dalam satu spesies</span></p><br /><ol start="16" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ditempat gelap biji berkecambah lebih cepat </span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SEBAB</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hormon auksin akan terurai menjadi zat penghambat dalam gelap</span></p><br /><ol start="17" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hewan yang memiliki peredaran darah tertutup …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">katak</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cacing tanah</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ikan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">belalang</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="18" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Respirasi anaerob lebih merugikan dibandingkan respirasi aerob sebab …</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">menghasilkan zat yang bersifat toksik</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">melepaskan CO2</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">menghasilkan energi yang lebih rendah</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">membebaskan panas</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="19" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proses Yang dapat menghasilkan biodiesel murni adalah ....….</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fermentasi tebu sebagai bahan bakar biodiesel</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiksasi biosolar dengan minyak sawit</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fermentasi pelepah kelapa sawit</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">transesterifikasi minyak sawit</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="20" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan berikut ini benar untuk meiosis, kecuali … .</span></p></li></ol><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berperan dalam membentuk variasi pada keturunan</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Berperan pada pembentukan spermatozoid paku dan lumut</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kromosom yang dihasilkan haploid</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Menghasilkan empat gamet yang identik</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">KUNCI JAWABAN</span></p><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 451.27559055118115pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">D</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PEMBAHASAN</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero; margin-left: -18pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phytophthora infestans, penyebab infeksi pada kentang.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aspergillus fumigatus, penyebab penyakit paru-paru pada burung</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Epidermophyton floccosum, penyebab penyakit atlet</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ustilago maydis, parasit pada jagung.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Saprolegnia, parasit pada ikan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aspergillus flavus, penghasil dikonsumsi,racun aflatoksin</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aspergillus oryzae, jamur untuk memproduksi kecap</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">02. Tumbuhan dengan ciri tidak berkayu, daun menyirip, daun muda menggulung adalah ciri khas dari tumbuhan paku (Pteridophyta). Tumbuhan dan Monokotiledon tidak kelompok memiliki Angiospermae, memiliki batang tetapi bunga, Gymnospermae, hanya sedangkan berupa.Bryophyta talus.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">03. Pada epidermis bagian bawah daun tanaman darat terdapat stomata. Pada bagian bawah Epidermis Daun sebelah bawah terdapat jaringan spons (bunga karang) dengan sel-sel yang longgar, sedangkan pada bagian bawah epidermis bagian atas terdapat palisade yang kaya klorofil dengan sel-sel yang rapat sehingga permukaan atas daun selalu tampak lebih hijau dibandingkan permukaan bawah. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">04. Hal yang perlu digaris bawahi dalam soal tersebut adalah gerakan refleks pupil. Artinya, mekanisme penghantaran rangsangnya melibatkan sumsum tulang belakang (sebagai interneuron/neuron penghubung antara neuron sensorik dengan neuron motorik) sehingga urutan mekanisme rangsang refleks pada gerakan pupil: reseptor → neuron sensorik → interneuron di sumsum tulang belakang → neuron motorik → efektor.. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">05. Fotofosforilasi non siklik melibatkan fotosistem Il dan I yang memiliki ciri sumber elektron dari fotolisis (pemecahan air), penerima elektron terakhir berupa NADP dan hasilnya adalah NATO (NADPH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ATP dan O</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,). Fotofosforilasi siklik hanya melibatkan fotosistem I, sumber elektron dari fotosistem I dan berakhir di fotosistem I pula.. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">06. Berdasarkan diagram silsilah di atas diketahui F1 laki-laki golongan darah B rhesus positif dan perempuan golongan darah B rhesus negatif. Terbentuknya golongan darah anak perempuan rhesus negatif, menunjukkan bahwa satu rh berasal dari ayah dan satu rh berasal dari ibu. dengan demikian golongan darah ayah adalah IOIO Rrrh. Untuk golongan darah ibu bisa dua kemungkinan yaitu IBIB RhRr atau IBIO RhRh. Kemungkinan besar golongan darah anak-anak mereka adalah B rhesus negatif, B rhesus positif, O rhesus negatif, dan O rhesus positif.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">07. Fase G1: transkripsi RNA, sintesis protein dan penggandaan organel sel</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fase S : replikasi DNA, duplikasi kromosom</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fase G2: sintesis RNA dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">perbanyakan kembali organel</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (bukan pembentukkan) sel interfase bukan merupakan fase pembelahan, tapi fase antara, yaitu antara mitosis satu dengan mitosis berikutnya. Fase ini membutuhkan waktu paling lama dibandingkan dengan fase pembelahan sel (fase mitotik)..</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">08. Diastol disebabkan oleh relaksasi serambi (serambi mengembang) sehingga darah dari seluruh tubuh mengalir masuk ke serambi kanan jantung, dan darah dari paru-paru mengalir masuk ke serambi kiri jantung.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">09. Ekor prehensile merupakan ekor yang dapat digunakan sebagai penggenggam. Spesies primata yang memiliki ekor prehensil adalah primata Ceiboidea (monyet dunia baru) yang terdiri atas dua famili, yaitu Callithricidae dan Cebidae. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan kedua spesies tersebut berevolusi dari ansestor yang sama...</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Penyisipan gen target ke dalam plasmid bakteri melibatkan beberapa enzim sekaligus, yaitu:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim endonuklease restriksi yang berfungsi memotong DNA pada segmen tertentu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enzim ligase yang berfungsi menyambungkan segmen </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pada Teknik penyisipan gen, awalnya gen target dipotong terlebih dahulu dengan enzim restriksi endonukelase, begitu juga plasmid bakteri. Setelah Itu, potongan gen target disisipkan ke dalam plasmid bakteri dan disatukan dengan enzim ligase. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Biomassa tumbuhan merupakan jumlah total bobot kering semua bagian tumbuhan hidup. Biomassa tumbuhan bertambah karena tumbuhan menyerap karbon dioksida (CO2) dari udara yang masuk ke daun melalui stomata. Selanjutnya CO2 akan diubah menjadi bahan organik melalui proses fotosintesis</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Potensi biotik dalam suatu populasi akan meningkat seiring waktu, tetapi setelah mencapai ambang batas daya dukung lingkungan, maka jumlah itu akan menurun dan mencapai keseimbangan populasi. Kondisi paling dekat yang menggambarkan potensi biotik pada grafik tersebut adalah A, yaitu waktu pertumbuhan</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Proses adisi atau insersi adalah penambahan jumlah basa nitrogen pada suatu DNA yang mengakibatkan perubahan pada komposisi triplet. Seperti basa triplet ACC-GGC-TAA adanya penyisipan atau penambahan atau insersi basa nitrogen T pada awal benang DNA menyebabkan komposisi triplet menjadi TAC-CGG-CTA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Penyakit diabetes insipidus adalah kelainan karena urine yang sangat encer, disebabkan kekurangan hormon ADH/vasopresin/pitresin sehingga reabsorbsi air di tubulus distal menjadi turun.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Domestikasi adalah proses perubahan hewan liar menjadi hewan jinak, proses perubahan tanaman liar menjadi tanaman budidaya</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Domestikasi menyebabkan perubahan genetik pada tumbuhan ataupun hewan yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Domestikasi dapat meningkatkan timbulnya variasi antarindividu dalam satu spesies tetapi tidak menimbulkan terbentuknya spesies baru.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Benar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> bahwa di tempat gelap biji berkecambah lebih cepat</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> jika hormon auksin akan terurai menjadi zat penghambat dalam gelap. Hormon auksin di tempat gelap dapat bekerja secara optimal pada seluruh bagian tumbuhan sehingga bisa lebih cepat berkecam</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. Katak memiliki sistem peredaran darah tertutup dengan 3 ruangan jantung, yaitu 2 serambi dan 1 bilik (pernyataan (1) benar)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cacing tanah merupakan anggota dari filum Annelida yang memiliki sistem peredaran darah tertutup (pernyataan (2) benar).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Belalang merupakan anggota filum Arthropoda dimana anggotanya memiliki sistem peredaran darah terbuka (pernyataan (4) salah)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 21.259842519685044pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pernyataan (1) dan (2) benar, maka pernyataan (3) pasti benar. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa jawaban yang benar adalah A (pernyataan (1), (2), dan (3) benar)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18. Respirasi anaerob adalah reaksi pembentukan tanpa bantuan oksigen, contohnya fermentasi alkohol dan asam laktat. Respirasi anaerob merugikan dibandingkan dengan respirasi aerob, diantaranya karena menghasilkan zat yang bersifat toksik (seperti alkohol, asam laktat, dan CO2), melepaskan CO2., menghasilkan energi yang lebih rendah (2 ATP), dan membebaskan panas.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif mesin diesel yang dibuat dari minyak nabati dan alkohol menghasilkan metil ester dan gliserol. Proses pembuatan biodiesel ialah melalui transesterifikasi yang mengubah minyak nabati baik dari CPO (Crude Palm Oil) seperti minyak kelapa sawit, atau dari minyak jarak (Castor Oil) menjadi ester (biodiesel) dan gliserin. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 21.259842519685044pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.259842519685044pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. Meiosis berperan dalam:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Membentuk variasi pada keturunannya karena gamet tidak identik dengan induknya</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 3.25984pt; padding-left: 3.25984pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pembentukan sel gamet (sel kelamin) bersifat haploid</span></p></li></ul></span>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-45693590213356064332022-01-01T23:24:00.000-08:002022-01-01T23:24:23.613-08:00HORMON GAS ETILEN<p> </p><div class="box-note" style="background-color: #f1f9fe; border-bottom: none; border-left: 5px solid rgb(18, 122, 191); border-radius: 4px 8px 8px 4px; border-right: none; border-top: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.8em !important; margin-top: 0.8em !important; orphans: 3; padding: 0px 10px 1px;"><div class="mt-section" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene"><h2 class="editable" style="color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan pembelajaran</span></h2><ul style="font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; padding-left: 1.4em;"><li class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">mengaitkan struktur kimia etilen dengan cara pengangkutannya.</span></li><li class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mengidentifikasi lokasi sintesis dan kerja etilen.</span></li><li class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Menjelaskan aplikasi komersial etilena.</span></li></ul></div></div><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen berbeda dari hormon tumbuhan lainnya yaitu dalam hal ukuran molekul yang lebih kecil dan lebih sederhana, dan merupakan hormon dalam bentuk gas yang mudah menguap (Gambar </span><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.5.</mn><mn>1</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ratusan tahun yang lalu, ketika lampu jalan berbahan bakar gas dipasang di jalan-jalan kota, pohon-pohon yang tumbuh di dekat tiang lampu batangnya bengkok, menebal dan menggugurkan daunnya lebih awal dari waktunya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Efek ini disebabkan oleh adanya penguapan gas etilen dari lampu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jaringan tumbuhan jadi lebih cepat menua, layu atau matang, dan ruas batang menghasilkan etilen.</span></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; background-color: white; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Etilen terdiri dari dua atom karbon yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan rangkap dan empat atom hidrogen." class="internal default" height="180px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25923/Ethylene.png?revision=2&size=bestfit&width=193&height=180" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 180px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 193px;" width="193px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.5.</mn><mn>1</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1</span></span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">: Struktur kimia etilen. </span></span></figcaption></figure><div class="mt-section" id="section_1" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span id="Actions_of_Ethylene"></span></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32027 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kerja Etilen</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen memiliki banyak fungsi, dan fungsi utamanya penuaan</span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">, </span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> termasuk pematangan buah, layu pada bunga, dan </span></span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">rontoknya</span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> daun dan buah</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen juga mendorong perkecambahan pada beberapa tanaman sereal dan perkecambahan umbi dan kentang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etlen bertanggung jawab untuk layu pada daun dan tunas kentang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tanaman </span></span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">berumah satu</span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , etilen meningkatkan produksi bunga betina sedangkan asam giberelat meningkatkan produksi bunga jantan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen memediasi </span></span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">respons rangkap tiga</span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, yang membuat tunas biji yang tenggelam di bawah bagian tumbuh pendek dan lebar serta menekuk secara horizontal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini memungkinkan bidikan untuk menembus puing-puing. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen menyebabkan pemanjangan batang pada padi dan tanaman lain yang terendam air. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etlen mendorong pemecahan asam absisat (ABA) dan dengan demikian mengurangi penghambatan asam giberelat ABA.</span></span></p><div class="mt-section" id="section_2" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Fruit_Ripening"></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32027 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pematangan buah</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saat mendekati kematangan, banyak buah-buahan (misalnya, apel, jeruk, alpukat) melepaskan etilen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selama pematangan buah, etilen merangsang konversi pati dan asam menjadi gula. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa orang menyimpan buah mentah, seperti alpukat, dalam kantong kertas tertutup untuk mempercepat pematangan; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">gas yang dikeluarkan oleh buah pertama yang matang akan mempercepat pematangan buah lainnya.</span></span></p></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_3" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span id="Abscission"></span></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32027 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Rontok (absisi)</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen menginduksi absisi daun, buah, dan kelopak bunga. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika kadar auksin menurun, etilen memicu penuaan dan akhirnya memprogram kematian sel di tempat perlekatan daun ke batang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lapisan sel khusus - </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">lapisan absisi </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;"> (zona absisi) - terbentuk di dasar tangkai daun atau tangkai buah (Gambar</span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"><span style="font-size: 18.832px;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; font-size: 1.1rem;"></span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.5.</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tangkai daun beberapa tumbuhan, ada dua bagian lapisan absisi: lapisan pemisah yang lebih distal dan lapisan pelindung yang lebih proksimal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sebelum terjadi absisi, nutrisi diserap ke dalam batang agar tidak hilang bersama daun. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saat lapisan pemisah rusak, daun terlepas pada titik ini dan daun jatuh ke tanah dengan cara yang terkendali tanpa merusak bagian tanaman lainnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lapisan pelindung, yang diperkuat dengan suberin, berfungsi sebagai segel.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Absisi daun sangat penting untuk pohon yang berada pada daerah beriklim sedang di musim gugur. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah respons penting terhadap awal musim dingin ketika air tanah membeku - dan dengan demikian tidak dapat mendukung transpirasi - dan beban salju akan mengancam untuk mematahkan cabang apa pun yang masih ada di daun.</span></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Bagian memanjang dari batang dan tangkai daun, menggambarkan lapisan absisi." class="internal" height="296px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/7835/abscission_layer.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=329&height=296" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 296px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 329px;" width="329px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.5.</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar <span style="white-space: nowrap;">2</span></span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">: Lapisan absisi terbentuk di dasar tangkai daun (seperti yang ditunjukkan) atau tangkai buah, yang pada akhirnya memungkinkan daun atau buah jatuh dari batang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jaringan vaskular melewati bagian tengah batang dan tangkai daun. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lapisan absisi adalah pita gelap sel di dasar tangkai daun.</span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada kondisi kekeringan, respon langsungnya adalah menutupnya stomata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun karena stomata yang tertutup menghalangi pertukaran gas, tumbuhan akan mati jika stomata tetap tertutup terlalu lama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi jika kekeringan berlangsung terlalu lama, tanaman akan mulai mengorbankan daerah tertentu dengan membiarkan daun atau batang mati di daerah setempat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proses ini dapat diatur oleh etilen, yang dapat menginduksi kematian sel lokal dalam kondisi tertentu.</span></span></p></div></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_4" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Mechanism_of_Ethylene_Action"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32027 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme Kerja Etilen</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tingkat sel, etilen dapat menghambat atau mendorong pembelahan sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kadang-kadang menghambat ekspansi sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam keadaan lain, etilen merangsang ekspansi sel lateral. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kehadiran etilen dideteksi oleh reseptor transmembran di retikulum endoplasma sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pengikatan etilen ke reseptor ini melepaskan kaskade pensinyalan yang mengarah pada aktivasi faktor transkripsi dan pengaktifan transkripsi gen.</span></span></p></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_5" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.05:_Ethylene" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Commercial_Applications_of_Ethylene"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32027 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Penggunaan Komersial Etilen</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32027" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Etilen banyak digunakan di bidang pertanian. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Petani buah komersial dapat membeli peralatan untuk menghasilkan etilen sehingga hasil panen matang dengan cepat dan seragam. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ahli hortikultura berupaya memperlambat rontoknya daun pada tanaman hias dengan menghilangkan etilen dari rumah kaca menggunakan kipas dan ventilasi.</span></span></p></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-45583078476439491262022-01-01T22:44:00.004-08:002022-01-01T22:44:51.219-08:00HORMON ASAM ABSISAT<p> </p><div class="box-note" style="background-color: #f1f9fe; border-bottom: none; border-left: 5px solid rgb(18, 122, 191); border-radius: 4px 8px 8px 4px; border-right: none; border-top: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.8em !important; margin-top: 0.8em !important; orphans: 3; padding: 0px 10px 1px;"><div class="mt-section" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid"><h2 class="editable" style="color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan pembelajaran</span></h2><ul style="font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; padding-left: 1.4em;"><li class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mengidentifikasi lokasi sintesis hormon, transpor, dan kerja asam absisat.</span></li><li class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jelaskan interaksi asam absisat dengan hormon tanaman lainnya.</span></li></ul></div></div><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon tanaman </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">asam absisat</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"> (ABA) dulu dianggap paling bertanggung jawab atas proses absisi (kerotokkan) daun; </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, sekarang diketahui tidak benar. </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebaliknya, ABA terakumulasi sebagai respons terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang penuh tekanan (stres), seperti dehidrasi, suhu dingin, atau waktu siang yang pendek. </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">Tidak seperti hewan, tanaman tidak dapat melarikan diri dari kondisi yang membahayakan dirinya seperti kekeringan, pembekuan, paparan air asin atau tanah asin tapi ABA berperan dalam memediasi adaptasi tanaman terhadap stres. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;">Asam absisat (Gambar</span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"><span style="font-size: 18.832px;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; font-size: 1.1rem;"></span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.4.</mn><mn>1</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">) menyerupai karotenoid zeaxanthin (Gambar </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; font-size: 1.1rem;"></span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.4.</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">), dari mana mereka akhirnya disintesis. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ABA diproduksi di daun dan akar dewasa dan diangkut melalui jaringan pembuluh kapiler.</span></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; background-color: white; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Rumus struktur asam absisat. Ia memiliki cincin karbon dengan rantai karbon panjang yang mendukung gugus karboksil (COOH)." class="internal default" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25925/ABA.png?revision=1" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 1: Struktur kimia hormon tanaman asam absisat (ABA). </span></span></figcaption></figure><figure style="align-items: center; background-color: white; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Struktur kimia karotenoid zeaxanthin. Dua cincin karbon diikat oleh rantai karbon yang panjang." class="internal default" height="120px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25926/zeaxanthin.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=630&height=120" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 120px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 630px;" width="630px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.4.</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar <span style="white-space: nowrap;">.</span></span></span></mn><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">2</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">: Karotenoid zeaxanthin menyerap cahaya biru dan memantulkan cahaya oranye dan merah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah prekursor asam absisat. </span></span></figcaption></figure><div class="mt-section" id="section_1" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Maintaining_Dormancy"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mempertahankan Dormansi</span></h2><div class="mt-section" id="section_2" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid"><span id="Seed_Maturation_and_Inhibition_of_Germination"></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pematangan Biji dan Penghambatan Perkecambahan</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Biji tidak hanya agen reproduksi dan penyebaran yang penting, tetapi juga penting untuk kelangsungan hidup tanaman tahunan (annual) dan dua tahunan (bienial). Tanaman </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Angiospermae ini mati setelah berbunga dan pembentukan biji selesai. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Asam absisat sangat penting untuk pematangan biji dan juga memperkuat periode dormansi benih, dengan menghalangi perkecambahan dan mendorong sintesis protein. Hal p</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">enting agar biji tidak berkecambah sebelum waktunya selama kondisi yang tidak sesuai musim. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika hormon secara bertahap rusak selama musim dingin, biji dilepaskan dari dormansi dan berkecambah ketika kondisi menguntungkan di musim semi. S</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">yarat lingkungan yang diperlukan agar perkecambahan terjadi antara lain paparan periode dingin, cahaya, atau air.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Menariknya, tanaman bakau dengan </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">perkecambahan vivipar</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, yang berarti bahwa benih berkecambah saat masih menempel pada tanaman induk, mengurangi kadar ABA selama pembentukan embrio, yang memberikan bukti lebih lanjut tentang peran ABA dalam mempertahankan dormansi benih</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mangrove ini beradaptasi untuk menjatuhkan biji yang berkecambah ke perairan sekitarnya untuk disebarkan (Gambar </span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.4.</mn><mn>3</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">3</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">).</span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Mangrove merah vivipar (Rhizophora mangle), menunjukkan, bibit memanjang menempel pada tanaman induk." class="internal default" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25929/Rhizophora_mangle.jpg?revision=1" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 3: Bibit mangrove merah yang memanjang, </span><em>Rhizophora mangle</em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , masih menempel pada tanaman induk, menggambarkan perkecambahan vivipar. </span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_3" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid"><span id="Bud_Dormancy"></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dormansi Tunas</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Efek lain dari ABA adalah untuk mendorong perkembangan tunas musim dingin y</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ang memediasi konversi meristem apikal menjadi tunas yang tidak aktif. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Daun baru yang tumbuh di atas meristem berubah menjadi sisik kuncup kaku yang membungkus meristem dengan rapat dan akan melindunginya dari kerusakan mekanis dan mengering selama musim dingin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Asam absisat dalam ujung batang juga berfungsi untuk memaksakan dormansi sehingga jika musim panas yang tidak sesuai musimnya terjadi sebelum musim dingin berakhir, tunas tidak akan tumbuh sebelum waktunya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hanya setelah periode dingin yang berkepanjangan atau hari-hari musim semi yang memanjang (fotoperiodisme) dormansi tunas akan terangkat.</span></span></p></div></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_4" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Response_to_Water_Stress"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Respon terhadap Stres Air</span></h2><div class="mt-section" id="section_5" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid"><span id="Stomatal_Closure"></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Penutupan stomata</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Asam absisat juga mengatur respon kekeringan jangka pendek. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ingat bahwa stomata adalah pori-pori di daun dan dikelilingi oleh sepasang </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">sel penjaga</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar air yang diambil oleh tanaman hilang karena uap air ada stomata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelembaban tanah yang rendah menyebabkan peningkatan ABA, yang menyebabkan stomata menutup, mengurangi kehilangan air. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Perhatikan bahwa penutupan stomata juga mencegah pertukaran oksigen dan karbon dioksida, yang diperlukan untuk fotosintesis yang efisien (lihat Fotorespirasi dan Jalur Fitosintetik). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Respons terhadap asam absisat terjadi </span></span><em>bahkan jika ada cahaya biru</em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">yaitu, pensinyalan dari kekeringan melalui ABA mengesampingkan pensinyalan dari cahaya biru ke stomata terbuka. </span></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Stomata terbuka (kiri) sebagai respons terhadap cahaya, karbon dioksida, dan auksin. Kekeringan, yang ditandai oleh ABA, menyebabkan mereka menutup." class="internal" height="354px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25928/Stomatal_closure.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=629&height=354" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 354px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 629px;" width="629px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.4.</mn><mn>4</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar <span style="white-space: nowrap;">4</span></span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">: Beberapa faktor memediasi pembukaan dan penutupan stomata, yang dikelilingi oleh sel penjaga berbentuk ginjal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pertukaran gas stomata terjadi melalui stomata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kegelapan, kekeringan, dingin, patogen, dan asam absisat (ABA) memediasi penutupan stomata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Secara khusus, kekeringan menyebabkan pelepasan ABA, yang menandakan penutupan stomata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pembukaan stomata dipicu oleh cahaya, karbon dioksida (CO </span></span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ), dan auksin. </span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_6" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid"><span id="Cellular_Protection_from_Dehydration"></span><h3 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.3rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Perlindungan Seluler dari Dehidrasi</span></h3><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Asam absisat mengaktifkan ekspresi gen yang mengkode protein yang melindungi sel - dalam biji maupun dalam jaringan vegetatif - dari kerusakan saat mereka mengalami dehidrasi.</span></p></div></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_7" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.04:_Abscisic_Acid" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Interactions_with_Other_Hormones"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32028 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Interaksi dengan Hormon Lain</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32028" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tingkat sel, asam absisat menghambat pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini sering menentang efek pemicu pertumbuhan dari auksin & asam giberelat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, asam absisat mencegah pemanjangan batang mungkin dengan efek penghambatannya pada asam giberelat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, dalam mempertahankan dominasi apikal, ABA bersinergi dengan auksin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Asam absisat bergerak naik dari akar ke batang (berlawanan dengan aliran auksin) dan menekan perkembangan tunas ketiak. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hasilnya adalah penghambatan percabangan (mempertahankan dominasi apikal).</span></span></p></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-31508086978898945312022-01-01T22:03:00.000-08:002022-01-01T22:03:19.332-08:00HORMON SITOKININ<p> </p><div class="box-note" style="background-color: #f1f9fe; border-bottom: none; border-left: 5px solid rgb(18, 122, 191); border-radius: 4px 8px 8px 4px; border-right: none; border-top: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.8em !important; margin-top: 0.8em !important; orphans: 3; padding: 0px 10px 1px;"><div class="mt-section" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.02:_Cytokinins"><h2 class="editable" style="color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan Pembelajaran</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Identifikasi lokasi tempat sintesis, transportasi, dan kerja sitokinin.</span></p></div></div><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin adalah hormon tumbuhan yang mendorong </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">sitokinesis</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (pembelahan sel). Sitokinin merupakan turunan dari basa purin yaitu adenin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pengaruh sitokinin pertama kali ditemukan ketika menambahkan endosperm cair kelapa ke embrio tanaman yang sedang berkembang yang merangsang pertumbuhannya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tanpa sitokinin dari endosperma, sel tumbuhan tidak akan membelah secara mitosis. </span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hampir 200 sitokinin alami atau sintetik diketahui sampai saat ini. </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700;">Zeatin</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: 1.1rem;"> adalah contoh sitokinin yang terjadi secara alami (Gambar</span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"><span style="font-size: 18.832px;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif;"><span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; font-size: 1.1rem;"></span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.2.</mn><mn>1</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">), dan kinetin adalah contoh dari sitokinin sintetis.</span></p><figure style="align-items: center; background-color: white; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Rumus kimia zeatin, sitokinin alami. Ia memiliki dua cincin karbon yang menyatu dan rantai hidrokarbon." class="internal default" height="264px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25921/Zeatin.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=219&height=264" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 264px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 219px;" width="219px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 1: Zeatin, sitokinin alami. </span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin disintesis di ujung akar dan struktur muda lainnya di mana pembelahan sel terjadi, seperti embrio dan buah-buahan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin juga diproduksi oleh jaringan luka. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin diangkut melalui xilem.</span></span></p><div class="mt-section" id="section_1" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.02:_Cytokinins" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Actions_of_Cytokinins"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32026 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kerja Sitokinin</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Salah satu contoh paling jelas dari pembelahan sel yang merangsang sitokinin melibatkan perkecambahan biji. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Endosperma biji monokotil, seperti jagung, mengandung sejumlah besar prekursor sitokinin zeatin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika biji jagung berkecambah, zeatin bergerak dari endosperma ke ujung akar di mana ia merangsang mitosis yang kuat (Gambar </span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.2.</mn><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></mn></mrow></math></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">).</span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Bibit gandum berkecambah dalam cawan petri" class="internal" height="289px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25922/Germination_of_wheat_seedlings.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=408&height=289" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 289px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 408px;" width="408px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 2: Ujung akar dari bibit gandum yang berkecambah mengalami pembelahan sel yang cepat yang diinduksi oleh sitokinin. </span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Perkembangan tanaman dikendalikan oleh beberapa hormon yang bekerja bersama atau menyeimbangkan efek satu sama lain. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin memainkan peran penting dalam perkembangan tanaman. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terlibat dalam pembentukan daun, dan mereka menunda penuaan pada jaringan daun. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin juga berperan dalam perkembangan kloroplas.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin sering melawan efek auksin ketika mengatur perkembangan tunas dan akar. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin menghambat dominasi apikal dengan merangsang perkembangan tunas aksila, memiliki efek yang berlawanan dengan auksin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin menghambat pembentukan akar lateral sementara auksin mendorong pembentukkan akar lateral. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika sitokinin diterapkan pada </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">kalus</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (massa sel yang tidak berdiferensiasi), tunas terbentuk. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika auksin diterapkan, akar terbentuk. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika kedua hormon diterapkan dalam jumlah yang sama, banyak tingkat pembelahan sel meningkat, tetapi kalus tidak menghasilkan tunas dan akar yang berbeda.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sehubungan dengan gravitropisme akar mediasi, bagaimanapun, efek sitokinin mirip dengan auksin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika akar diputar ke samping, sitokinin menumpuk di sisi bawah, menghambat pemanjangan di sana. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saat permukaan atas akar memanjang, ia menekuk ke bawah.</span></span></p></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_2" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.02:_Cytokinins" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Mechanism_of_Cytokinin_Action"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32026 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme Kerja Sitokinin</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32026" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti auksin, sitokinin dapat menyebabkan perubahan ekspresi gen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk memulai proses ini, sitokinin berikatan dengan protein reseptor yang tertanam di membran plasma sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian internal reseptor kemudian menempelkan gugus fosfat ke protein di sitosol. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein ini bergerak ke dalam nukleus di mana ia mengaktifkan satu atau lebih faktor transkripsi inti, yang kemudian berikatan dengan gen promotor. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Transkripsi gen ini menghasilkan mRNA yang bergerak keluar ke sitosol. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Penerjemahan mRNA ini menghasilkan protein yang memungkinkan sel menjalankan fungsi yang diinduksi sitokin.</span></span></p></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-43447444032178965072022-01-01T17:14:00.001-08:002022-01-01T17:14:43.065-08:00HORMON GIBERELIN<p> </p><div class="box-note" style="background-color: #f1f9fe; border-bottom: none; border-left: 5px solid rgb(18, 122, 191); border-radius: 4px 8px 8px 4px; border-right: none; border-top: none; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.8em !important; margin-top: 0.8em !important; orphans: 3; padding: 0px 10px 1px;"><div class="mt-section" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.03:_Gibberellins"><h2 class="editable" style="color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan pembelajaran</span></h2><ul style="font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; padding-left: 1.4em;"><li class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Identifikasi lokasi sintesis, transportasi, dan aksi giberelin.</span></li><li class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Menafsirkan dan memprediksi hasil percobaan yang menunjukkan aksi giberelin.</span></li><li class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; margin: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jelaskan aplikasi komersial giberelin.</span></li></ul></div></div><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selama tahun 1930-an ilmuwan Jepang mengisolasi zat pemacu pertumbuhan dari kultur jamur yang menjadi parasit pada tanaman padi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka menyebutnya giberelin. </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (GAs)</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah hormon tanaman yang terkait erat disintesis di akar dan batang meristem apikal, daun muda, dan embrio benih. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin kemungkinan diangkut melalui jaringan pembuluh darah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Salah satu giberelin yang paling aktif - dan yang ditemukan sebagai hormon alami dalam tanaman itu sendiri - adalah </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">asam giberelat</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">GA)</span><span style="font-size: 1.1rem; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;">.</span></p><figure style="align-items: center; background-color: white; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Rumus struktur asam giberelat, yang terdiri dari empat cincin karbon yang menyatu" class="internal default" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25931/Gibberellic_acid.png?revision=1" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 1: Struktur kimia hormon tanaman asam giberelat</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></figcaption></figure><div class="mt-section" id="section_1" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.03:_Gibberellins" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Actions_of_Gibberellins"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32029 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kerja Hormon Giberelin</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa aspek pertumbuhan tanaman melibatkan GA, termasuk merangsang pemanjangan tunas, perkecambahan biji, dan pematangan buah dan bunga. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Efek lain dari GA termasuk ekspresi jenis kelamin tumbuhan dan penundaan penuaan pada daun dan buah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sintesis giberelin juga membantu tanaman anggur memanjat ke arah cahaya dengan menyebabkan meristem yang akan berkembang menjadi bunga berkembang menjadi </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">sulur</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></p><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pemanjangan tunas dalam hal ini dihasilkan dari pembelahan sel dan pemanjangan sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika diterapkan dalam konsentrasi rendah pada tanaman semak atau kacang "kerdil", batang mulai tumbuh dengan cepat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Panjang ruas menjadi begitu besar sehingga tanaman menjadi tidak dapat dibedakan dari kacang panjat atau "tiang". </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">GA tampaknya mengatasi keterbatasan genetik pada banyak varietas kerdil.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin mematahkan dormansi (keadaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang terhambat) pada biji tanaman yang membutuhkan paparan dingin atau cahaya untuk berkecambah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Biji dari beberapa spesies tanaman bergantung pada imbibisi air untuk memulai perkecambahan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proses imbibisi air mengaktifkan hormon giberelin, kemudian memberi sinyal untuk mentranskripsikan gen yang mengkode </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">amilase</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , selanjutnya enzim memecah pati yang disimpan dalam biji menjadi gula sederhana. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin juga merangsang pemanjangan sel akar muda selama perkecambahan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika air tidak ada, perkecambahan di jalur ini diblokir oleh hormon yang disebut </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">asam absisat, </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">yang menghambat aktivitas giberelin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian giberelin dan asam absisat bertindak berlawanan dalam mengatur respons perkecambahan.</span></span></p><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak spesies tanaman pertama kali menghasilkan daun berbentuk roset basal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika siang hari bertambah panjang atau cuaca menjadi dingin, mereka </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">melesat,</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> menghasilkan tangkai yang panjang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akhirnya, bunga dan kemudian buah berkembang di tangkai ini. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin bertanggung jawab untuk menginduksi proses tersebut</span></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Arabidopsis thaliana sebagai roset basal (kiri) dan melesat dan berbunga (kanan). Tanaman di sebelah kanan memiliki batang panjang yang muncul dari roset basal." class="internal default" height="323px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/25932/Arabidopsis_combined.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=562&height=323" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 323px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 562px;" width="562px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 2 </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tanaman </span></span><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> sebagai roset basal (kiri). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tanaman di sebelah kanan telah melesat dan mulai berbunga. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin menginduksi percepatan pertumbuhan</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_2" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.03:_Gibberellins" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Mechanism_of_Gibberellin_Action"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32029 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme Kerja Giberelin</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti auksin, giberelin umumnya meningkatkan laju pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel longitudinal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin juga mengerahkan efeknya dengan mengubah transkripsi gen melalui mekanisme yang mirip dengan auksin di mana jalur diaktifkan dengan memperlambat penghambat jalur itu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pertama, Giberelin memasuki sel dan mengikat protein reseptor larut yang disebut </span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">GID1</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ("mutan kerdil tidak sensitif giberelin 1") yang sekarang dapat mengikat kompleks protein ( </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">SCF</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ) yang bertanggung jawab untuk melekatkan ubiquitin ke satu atau beberapa </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">protein DELLA lainnya</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini memicu penghancuran protein DELLA oleh proteasom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein DELLA biasanya mengikat faktor transkripsi yang bergantung pada giberelin, yang menonjol ditunjuk</span></span><span style="font-weight: 700;">PIF3/4</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">mencegahnya</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> mengikat DNA dari sekuens kontrol gen yang diaktifkan oleh giberelin (lihat juga Penghindaran Naungan dan Etiolasi).</span></p><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Varietas padi kerdil dan membawa gandum mutasi terkait dengan GAs. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam kasus padi, mutasi mengganggu sintesis giberelin mereka. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mutasi gandum berkurang dalam pengkodean gen untuk protein DELLA dan mengurangi kemampuan tanaman untuk merespon giberelinnya sendiri. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Varietas kerdil sorgum dan baru-baru ini jagung (jagung) juga ada, tetapi dalam kasus ini, mutasi mengganggu transportasi auksin, bukan aktivitas giberelin.</span></span></p></div><div class="mt-section" id="section_3" mt-section-origin="Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3:_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/16:_Hormones/16.03:_Gibberellins" style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span id="Commercial_Applications_of_Gibberellins"></span><h2 class="lt-bio-32029 editable" style="background-color: unset; color: #0372a6; font-size: 1.5rem !important; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 1em 0px 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Aplikasi Komersial Giberelin</span></h2><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Aplikasi Giberelin membantu produksi anggur tanpa biji. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Anggur tanpa biji diperoleh melalui metode pemuliaan standar dan mengandung biji mencolok yang gagal berkembang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Karena GA diproduksi oleh biji, dan karena perkembangan buah dan pemanjangan batang berada di bawah kendali GA, varietas anggur ini biasanya akan menghasilkan buah kecil dalam kelompok yang kompak. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Anggur yang matang secara rutin diperlakukan dengan GA untuk menghasilkan ukuran buah yang lebih besar, serta tandan yang lebih longgar (batang lebih panjang), yang mengurangi infeksi jamur</span></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>16.3.</mn><mn>3</mn></mrow></math>" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline-table; float: none; font-size: 17.6px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.764em;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 18.832px; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.552em;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1.436em, 1002.5em, 2.445em, -999.997em); left: 0em; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.281em; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="transition: none 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">16.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti auksin, GAs dapat digunakan secara komersial untuk menginduksi perkembangan buah dalam berbagai spesies.</span></span></span></span></nobr></span></p><figure style="align-items: center; break-inside: avoid; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0.3em !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img alt="Sekelompok anggur kemerahan tumbuh di pokok anggur." class="internal default" height="452px" loading="lazy" src="https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/1773/Figure_30_06_03.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=298&height=452" style="border: 0px; break-inside: avoid-page; display: block; float: none; height: 452px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain; width: 298px;" width="298px" /><figcaption style="break-inside: avoid-page; caption-side: bottom; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.25 !important; margin: 0.3em 38.2031px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 3: Dalam anggur, aplikasi asam giberelat meningkatkan ukuran buah dan mengendurkan pengelompokan. </span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="lt-bio-32029" style="background-color: unset; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-block: 0.8rem;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Giberelin memiliki beberapa aplikasi komersial lainnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka dapat diterapkan untuk menginduksi pembungaan dan pembungaan secara artifisial, sehingga tanaman menghasilkan biji lebih awal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Penambahan asam giberelat ke tunas musim dingin pohon persik membantu mematahkan dormansi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Di daerah perkotaan, antagonis GA terkadang diterapkan pada pohon di bawah saluran listrik untuk mengontrol pertumbuhan dan mengurangi frekuensi pemangkasan.</span></span></p></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-44418485842079247152022-01-01T15:08:00.049-08:002022-01-01T15:25:13.410-08:00HORMON AUKSIN<p> </p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #d1f1e7; font-size: 16px;">Pompa auksin dapat mengatur gradien konsentrasi auksin dalam jaringan tanaman</span> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Auksin adalah sekelompok hormon yang dihasilkan oleh ujung pucuk atau akar (yaitu meristem apikal) yang mengatur pertumbuhan tanaman</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pompa auksin dapat mengatur gradien konsentrasi di dalam jaringan – mengubah distribusi auksin di dalam tanaman</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pompa ini dapat mengontrol arah pertumbuhan tanaman dengan menentukan daerah jaringan tanaman mana yang memiliki kadar auksin tinggi</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pompa auksin dapat mengubah posisi di dalam membran (karena fluiditas) dan diaktifkan oleh berbagai faktor </span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Auksin memiliki mekanisme kerja yang berbeda di ujung akar dan ujung batang:</span></span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Di ujung batang keberadaan auksin merangsang pemanjangan sel, dengan demikian konsentrasi auksin yang tinggi mendorong pertumbuhan batang (sel menjadi lebih besar)</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Di akar, keberadaan auksin menghambat pemanjangan sel dan dengan demikian konsentrasi auksin yang tinggi menghambat pertumbuhan (sel menjadi relatif lebih kecil)</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px; text-align: center;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Peran Pompa Auksin Terhadap Pola Pertumbuhan Pada Tunas Tanaman</strong></span></u></p><div class="not-first-item graphic-container wide center ImageElement" style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="graphic" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="figure-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="pompa penghabisan auksin" height="367" src="https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/auxin-efflux-pumps_med.jpeg" style="border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="653" /></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="background-color: #d1f1e7; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">Auksin mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan sel dengan mengubah pola ekspresi gen</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Auksin adalah hormon tumbuhan dan mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan sel dengan mengubah pola ekspresi gen dengan sel tumbuhan</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mekanisme kerja auksin berbeda pada ujung batang dan ujung akar karena jalur gen yang diaktifkan berbeda di setiap jaringan</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada </span></span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">ujung batang</span></span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">, kberadaan hormon auksin meningkatkan fleksibilitas dinding sel untuk mendorong pertumbuhan tanaman melalui pemanjangan sel</span></span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Auksin mengaktifkan pompa proton di membran plasma yang menyebabkan sekresi </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">ion </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">H </span></span><sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">+</span></span></sup><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> ke dalam dinding sel</span></span></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penurunan pH yang dihasilkan menyebabkan serat selulosa di dalam dinding sel mengendur (dengan memutuskan ikatan di antara mereka)</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selain itu, auksin meningkatkan ekspresi ekspansin, yang juga meningkatkan elastisitas dinding sel</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dengan dinding sel yang sekarang lebih fleksibel, menyebabkan masuknya air (untuk disimpan dalam vakuola) sehingga sel bertambah besar</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 10px; text-align: center;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mekanisme Kerja Auksin pada Tunas Tumbuhan</strong></span></u></p><div class="not-first-item graphic-container wide center ImageElement" style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13.76px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="graphic" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="figure-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="aksi auksin" height="273" src="https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/auxin-action_med.jpeg" style="border: 0px none rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="636" /></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-22508184319983197342022-01-01T14:47:00.004-08:002022-01-01T15:25:24.622-08:00HORMON TUMBUHAN DAN FUNGSINYA<p> </p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Daftar Isi</span></h3><ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Fungsi hormon tumbuhan</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon auksin</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon giberelin</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon sitokinin</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon asam absisat</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon gas etilen</li></ol><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa itu Hormon Tumbuhan?</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tanaman membutuhkan sinar matahari, air, oksigen, mineral untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah faktor eksternal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, ada beberapa faktor intrinsik yang mengatur pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini disebut hormon tanaman atau </span></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">"Fitohormon".</strong></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon tumbuhan adalah senyawa kimia yang terdapat dalam konsentrasi sangat rendah pada tumbuhan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka adalah turunan dari indole (auxins), terpenes (Gibberellins), adenine (Cytokinins), karotenoid (asam absisat) dan gas (Ethylene).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon-hormon ini diproduksi di hampir semua bagian tanaman dan ditransmisikan ke berbagai bagian tanaman.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka dapat bertindak secara sinergis atau individual. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Peran hormon yang berbeda dapat saling melengkapi atau antagonis.</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon memainkan peran penting dalam proses seperti vernalisasi, fototropisme, perkecambahan biji, dormansi dll bersama dengan faktor ekstrinsik.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon tanaman sintetis diterapkan secara eksogen untuk produksi tanaman terkontrol</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Charles Darwin pertama kali mengamati fototropisme pada koleoptil rumput kenari dan FW Pertama kali mengisolasi auksin dari koleoptil bibit gandum.</span></p><div id="functions-of-plant-hormones" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa fungsi utama hormon tumbuhan?</span></h2></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon tumbuhan mengontrol semua aktivitas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan seperti pembelahan sel, pembesaran, pembungaan, pembentukan biji, dormansi dan absisi.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Berdasarkan aksinya, hormon tumbuhan dikategorikan menjadi dua kategori:</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Promotor Pertumbuhan Tanaman</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Penghambat Pertumbuhan Tanaman</span></li></ul><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><img alt="Jenis hormon tumbuhan" class="aligncenter" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/types-of-plant-hormones.jpeg" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Jenis hormon tumbuhan" /></h3><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Auksin</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Auksin berarti “bertumbuh”. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka banyak digunakan dalam praktik pertanian dan hortikultura. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka ditemukan di apeks akar dan batang yang tumbuh dan kemudian bermigrasi ke bagian lain untuk bertindak.</span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Alami: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole butyric acid (IBA)</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sintetis: 2,4-D (asam 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic), NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid)</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="Auksin Indole asam asetat" class="aligncenter" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/auxin-indole-acetic-acid.png" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Auksin Indole asam asetat" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi:</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pemanjangan sel batang dan akar</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dominasi apikal</strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> , IAA pada tunas apikal menekan pertumbuhan tunas lateral</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi partenokarpi yaitu perkembangan buah tanpa pembuahan misalnya pada tomat</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mencegah kejatuhan dini daun, bunga, buah</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Berguna dalam stek batang dan okulasi di mana ia memulai rooting</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempromosikan pembungaan misalnya dalam nanas</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">2,4-D banyak digunakan sebagai herbisida untuk membunuh gulma yang tidak diinginkan pada tanaman dikotil tanpa mempengaruhi tanaman monokotil</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Membantu dalam pembelahan sel dan diferensiasi xilem</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Baca Juga: </span></span><a href="https://byjus.com/neet/mcqs-on-plant-hormones/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #73ad21; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Soal Pilihan Soal Hormon Tumbuhan</span></span></a></span></p><div id="gibberellins-hormone" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Giberelin</span></h2></div><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada lebih dari 100 giberelin (GA </span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> , GA </span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> , GA </span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">3</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> …..) yang diketahui. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka bersifat asam. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini ditemukan pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi dan jamur.</span></span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="Giberelin, Asam Giberelat (GA)" class="aligncenter" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/gibberellins-gibberellic-acid-ga.png" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Giberelin, Asam Giberelat (GA)" width="300" /></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi:</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempromosikan </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">perbautan,</strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> yaitu pemanjangan ruas yang tiba-tiba sebelum berbunga pada tanaman roset seperti kubis, bit</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menunda penuaan</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi partenokarpi</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pemanjangan batang dan membalikkan dwarfisme</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi kejantanan pada tanaman tertentu seperti ganja</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi pembentukan enzim hidrolitik seperti lipase, amilase dalam endosperm biji-bijian sereal yang berkecambah dan biji barley</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Memecahkan dormansi benih</span></li></ul><div id="cytokinins-hormone" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Sitokinin</span></h2></div><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sitokinin berperan penting dalam proses sitokinesis. Sitokinin secara alami disintesis dalam tanaman di mana pembelahan sel yang cepat terjadi misalnya apeks akar, tunas pucuk, buah muda, dll Pergerakan sitokinin adalah basipetal dan polar.</span><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Alami: Zeatin (biji jagung, santan), isopenteniladenin</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sintetis: Kinetin, benziladenin, difenilurea, thidiazuron</span></li></ul></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="Sitokinin, Zeatin" class="aligncenter" height="292" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/cytokinins-zeatin.png" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Sitokinin, Zeatin" width="242" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi:</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mendorong pertumbuhan tunas lateral dan adventif dan digunakan untuk memulai pertumbuhan tunas dalam kultur</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Membantu mengatasi dominasi apikal yang diinduksi oleh </span><a href="https://byjus.com/neet/auxin/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #73ad21; text-decoration-line: none;">auksin</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang pembentukan kloroplas pada daun</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempromosikan mobilisasi nutrisi dan menunda penuaan daun</span></li></ul><div id="abscisic-acid-function" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi Asam Absisat</span></h2></div><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah hormon penghambat pertumbuhan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">ABA bertindak sebagai antagonis terhadap GA. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini menghambat metabolisme tanaman dan mengatur absisi dan dormansi. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga disebut " </span></span><a href="https://byjus.com/neet/stress-hormones/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #73ad21; text-decoration-line: none;">hormon stres</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> " karena meningkatkan toleransi tanaman.</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="Asam absisat (ABA)" class="aligncenter" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/abscisic-acid-aba.png" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Asam absisat (ABA)" width="300" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi:</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi absisi daun dan buah</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menghambat perkecambahan biji</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi penuaan pada daun</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempercepat dormansi dalam benih yang berguna untuk tujuan penyimpanan</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang penutupan stomata untuk mencegah transpirasi di bawah tekanan air</span></li></ul><div id="ethylene-plant-hormone" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: inherit; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Tanaman Etilen</span></h2></div><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini bertindak sebagai promotor pertumbuhan serta inhibitor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Terjadi dalam bentuk gas. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini disintesis dalam buah-buahan yang matang dan jaringan yang mengalami penuaan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengatur banyak proses fisiologis dan salah satu hormon yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pertanian.</span></span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="Etilen" class="aligncenter" height="180" src="https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ethylene.png" style="background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 0px 3px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 5px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Etilen" width="193" /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"> </p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #813588; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi:</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempercepat pematangan buah</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mengontrol epinasty daun</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Memecah dormansi benih dan tunas</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang pemanjangan yang cepat dari tangkai daun dan ruas</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempromosikan penuaan dan absisi daun dan bunga</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menginduksi pertumbuhan akar dan pembentukan rambut akar sehingga meningkatkan permukaan penyerapan</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang kewanitaan pada tanaman berumah satu</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pembentukan kait apikal pada bibit dikotil</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Selain 5 hormon utama, ada juga hormon lain yang mempengaruhi proses fisiologis tanaman, misalnya brassinosteroid, salisilat, jasmonat, strigolakton, dll.</span></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-26417985682073484042021-10-13T03:20:00.000-07:002021-10-13T03:20:05.669-07:00SINTESIS PROTEIN<h1 style="text-align: left;"> SINTESIS PROTEIN</h1><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>Protein adalah bahan pembangun kehidupan</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Semua sel dalam tubuh manusia mengandung protein. Protein merupakan komponen dasar sel tubuh manusia. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain air dan lemak, tubuh manusia hampir seluruhnya terbuat dari protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein adalah komponen utama tulang, organ, kulit, kuku, otot dll. 80% dari otot terbuat dari protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, tubuh kita membutuhkan protein untuk melakukan berbagai fungsi vital seperti transportasi oksigen, mengatur reaksi kimia dalam otot dll.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein dibuat dari unit-unit kecil atau komponen yang disebut asam amino</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kita dapat mengatakan bahwa molekul protein adalah rantai panjang asam amino. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada total 20 asam amino yang dapat bergabung dengan cara yang berbeda untuk membangun berbagai jenis protein.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></p><h4 style="color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa itu ekspresi gen?</span></h4><div><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proses dimana informasi (kode genetik) disimpan atau dikodekan dalam gen (segmen DNA) digunakan untuk menghasilkan protein atau untuk menghasilkan produk fungsional lain seperti RNA ribosom dan </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">RNA </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">transfer disebut ekspresi gen. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Karena protein dibuat ketika gen diekspresikan, ekspresi gen dan sintesis protein sering dianggap sebagai proses yang sama.</span></span></em></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></em></span></div><div><h4 style="color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme ekspresi gen</span></h4></div><div><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sintesis Protein adalah proses vital yang terjadi terus menerus di semua sel organisme hidup. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti namanya, protein diproduksi dalam proses ini. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA berisi informasi (kode genetik) yang memberitahu sel bagaimana membuat protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Aliran informasi ini dalam sel berasal dari DNA </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">menjadi RNA, t</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">erjadi melalui proses yang disebut <b>transkripsi DNA</b>. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dan, aliran informasi dari RNA menjadi protein disebut translasi DNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">proses sintesis Protein terdiri dari dua proses utama yaitu transkripsi DNA dan translasi DNA. </span></span></em></span></div><h4 style="color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Transkripsi DNA</span></h4><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Transkripsi DNA</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> : merupakan proses terbentuknya molekul </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-style: italic;">mRNA </b>dari satu </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">untai DNA yang bertindak sebagai cetakan dan dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>pita template (cetakan)</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hanya segmen dari satu untai DNA yang mengambil bagian dalam transkripsi dan disalin ke dalam mRNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Transkripsi merupakan proses di mana informasi genetik disalin dari segmen DNA (gen) dari satu untai DNA menjadi mRNA.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Prinsip komplementer</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> mengatur proses transkripsi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, untuk basa adenin dari cetakan DNA, disalin menjadi basa Urasil pada mRNA, karena RNA mengandung Urasil, tidak mengandung Timin.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim RNA polimerase menggunakan pita template untuk menghasilkan messenger RNA (mRNA). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">RNA polimerase dengan bantuan protein yang disebut faktor transkripsi mengikat urutan basa tertentu dalam gen (segmen DNA). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Urutan basa ini dikenal sebagai <b>promotor.</b> </span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><i>E</i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">nzim membuka pilinan benang DNA, </span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">satu pita berfungsi sebagai pita template (pita anti sense atau non-coding strand) yang akan digunakan untuk mencetak mRNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Untai lainnya disebut untai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="font-style: italic;">non-template (pita sense atau pita coding). </b>Pita<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b>ini </span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">memiliki urutan basa nitrogen yang sama dengan urutan basa mRNA yang akan dibentuk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">RNA polimerase tidak memerlukan RNA primer, ia hanya memulai sintesis mRNA pada titik awal dan bergerak ke bawah sepanjang cetakan DNA (gen) dan proses ini disebut <b>Elongasi</b>. </span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proses ini mensintesis mRNA pada saat bergerak membaca untai antisense dari ujung 3' ke 5' dan menghasilkan mRNA dari ujung 5' dan menempelkan nukleotida RNA ke ujung 3' saat bergerak maju.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur RNA terbuat dari gula ribosa dan memiliki basa Urasil, bukan Timin. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setelah RNA polimerase mencapai ujung cetakan DNA, terjadi proses penghentian atau stop. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim RNA polimerase melepaskan diri dari cetakan dan DNA kembali ke keadaan atau bentuk aslinya (double heliks) setelah menghasilkan mRNA dalam proses transkripsi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><h4 style="color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Unit Transkripsi</span></h4><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Unit transkripsi merupakan segmen/potongan DNA yang terletak di antara sisi inisiasi dan stop. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Unit transkripsi juga dapat dikatakan segmen DNA yang ditranskripsi menjadi mRNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Unit transkripsi umumnya terdiri dari semua wilayah yang mengambil bagian dalam transkripsi DNA seperti </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>promotor, gen struktural (urutan pengkodean RNA) dan terminator</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen struktural mengandung untai templat dan untai non-templat (pengkodean). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Komponen unit transkripsi dijelaskan di bawah ini:</span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-86459550017929957652021-10-06T00:57:00.061-07:002021-10-06T07:08:59.679-07:00KODE GENETIK DAN KODONKODE GENETIK DAN KODON <div><p dir="ltr" id="_oY25G7cFsfLwi1" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kode genetik</strong> adalah kelompok atau urutan nukleotida (basa nitrogen) dalam molekul DNA. </p><p dir="ltr" id="_8Rup8gn7gVM2dK" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kode genetik</strong> dalam DNA memberikan instruksi untuk menghasilkan mRNA atau dapat dikatakan bahwa mRNA terbentuk dari kode genetik yang terdapat dalam DNA.</p><p dir="ltr" id="_epZip2zP0S2DwA" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Istilah 'kode genetik' diberikan oleh <em>George Gamow</em></p><p dir="ltr" id="_epZip2zP0S2DwA" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf4UhDIXz8QKdFEpKEqQWO5DxgzB0nNHH6EK8ZTkv0FUNc_EU4B_dZ6ji9cXC7K5z1NO5tpfeM1SFQFUX9bbTAtxU8u5tf8M4t01EHfzYO8SpctB3NKkSHzphxlhl81Yca4856JlR-34/s300/16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf4UhDIXz8QKdFEpKEqQWO5DxgzB0nNHH6EK8ZTkv0FUNc_EU4B_dZ6ji9cXC7K5z1NO5tpfeM1SFQFUX9bbTAtxU8u5tf8M4t01EHfzYO8SpctB3NKkSHzphxlhl81Yca4856JlR-34/s0/16.png" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 1 : Kode genetik dalam DNA</div><p dir="ltr" id="_epZip2zP0S2DwA" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p>Untuk mengkode 1 asam amino diperlukan 3 rangkaian basa nitrogen yang disebut dengan nama Triplet.<p></p><p dir="ltr" id="_fvoms3slXvXZYv" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dengan sistem triplet akan terbentuk 64 kode asam amino, sedangkan diketahui jumlah asam amino ada 20.</p><p dir="ltr" id="_9PGoqP6pBntDrm" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dengan demikian ada satu asam amino yang dikodekan oleh beberapa tipe triplet</p></div><div><p dir="ltr" id="_GCYbv7Z6PPgfFi" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urutan basa nitrogen <strong>rangkap tiga</strong> pada mRNA (yang dihasilkan oleh DNA melalui proses transkripsi) disebut <strong>kodon</strong> . Sedangkan, <strong>kode genetik</strong> mengacu pada urutan basa nitrogen triplet atau seluruh urutan basa nitrogen dalam segmen DNA. <br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_dLL0DV7M96MEA8" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jadi, kode genetik adalah bahasanya DNA. <br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_4FhRnjOLFLADfX" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon selalu dalam bentuk triplet karena mengkode satu asam amino. Jadi, <em>triplet pada mRNA itulah yang disebut kodon</em>. <br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_CVkLMywLpEgcwv" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon merupakan seperangkat instruksi dalam DNA yang diberikan kepada mRNA untuk menjadi asam amino (monomer protein). <br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_R7k9NU7iTDd2By" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon merupakan kelompok dari tiga nukleotida. Jika 4 basa nitrogen Adenin, Guanin, sitosin dan timin berkelompok, dimana satu kelompok terdiri atas 3 basa nitrogen, maka kombinasi <em>keempat basa nitrogen itu akan menghasilkan 64 kombinasi triplet yang berbeda</em>. Dari 64 kombinasi kodon, <em>61 kodon untuk mengkode untuk asam amino</em> dan mereka dikenal sebagai kodon sense, sedangkan <em>3 kodon sisanya (UAA, UAG, UGA) mewakili sinyal berhenti atau kodon stop</em> untuk akhir sintesis protein. Kodon stop dikenal sebagai kode non-sense, artinya kodon yang tidak mengkode asam amino dalam untuk sintesis protein.<br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_ZvFCGlgbitiCVs" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Satu kodon mengkode hanya untuk sintesis satu asam amino spesifik, dan tidak untuk mengkode asam amino lainnya. Namun, ada <em>beberapa asam amino yang dikode oleh lebih dari satu kodon.</em><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_siaGO0s9y6USJ4" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>Kodon dalam mRNA dibaca secara terus menerus, tidak ada celah antara dua kodon. Juga, kodenya tidak tumpang tindih , misalnya, di AUGUUU, dibaca AUG, UUU, bukan dibaca AUG, UGU, GUU dst.</em><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_OmxzIxeBfa5Gxl" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>Jadi, ketiga nukleotida AUG tidak dapat menjadi bagian dari kode atau kodon lain.</em><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_a0RLupianRMH0O" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>kodon Agustus melakukan fungsi ganda ; bertindak sebagai kodon awal atau inisiator dan juga kode untuk sintesis asam amino Metionin . Namun, hanya jika ada di awal unit transkripsi, ia bertindak sebagai kodon awal, tetapi, jika ada di antara itu akan mengkodekan Metionin.</em><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_P77ICUvS6pGkmQ" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>kodon AUG melakukan fungsi ganda yaitu bertindak sebagai </em><strong><em>kodon start atau inisiator</em></strong><em> dan juga kode untuk sintesis </em><strong><em>asam amino Metionin</em></strong><em>. Namun, jika kodon ini ada di awal dari proses transkripsi, maka kodon ini bertindak sebagai kodon start, tetapi, kodon ini berada di antara kodon-kodon, maka kodon ini akan mengkodekan asam amino Metionin.</em></p><p dir="ltr" id="_N5cxtsqhPjB6SN" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Beberapa pengecualian Kode Genetik:</strong><br /></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meskipun kodon UAA dan UGA bertindak sebagai kodon stop atau terminasi, mereka mengkode untuk sintesis asam amino, glutamin dalam paramecium dan beberapa ciliata.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meskipun, kodon AGG dan AGA untuk mengkode arginin, mereka bertindak sebagai kodon stop dalam mitokondria manusia.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meskipun UGA adalah kodon stop, di mitokondria kodon ini mengkode triptofan. Demikian pula, kode AUA untuk metionin bukan isoleusin dalam mitokondria manusia.</span></li></ol><div><p dir="ltr" id="_LPUvxPKOVT3ysT" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Siapa Penemu Kode genetik?</strong><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_dpRbwiXYHlcIUz" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>George Gamow</em> pada 1950-an menemukan bahwa kode genetik terdiri dari kelompok atau triplet dari tiga nukleotida, dan menyimpulkan bahwa kelompok yang terdiri atas tiga nukleotida secara berurutan mengkode satu asam amino.<br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_zlYBex5mu8lkv4" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>Gamow</em> mencoba mencari tahu bagaimana 20 asam amino dalam tubuh manusia disintesis dari empat basa nitrogen. Dia membuat kombinasi yang berbeda dari basa nitrogen untuk memahami berapa banyak basa nitrogen yang dapat bekerja sebagai kelompok untuk mengkode satu asam amino.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoVOK1snx45zwBnD6I_NJyCbx7hQpdMwIEbVPEQo96DgvvUPtTCsRiKyuO9zvSrzqcxXEJFyDdLIJYojdXs_UYA9kPpv0A2Fxeg3LswrjR0nhWkI-hSXMgnNQsiLnOlj0Wr-122tkWtA/s749/19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="749" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoVOK1snx45zwBnD6I_NJyCbx7hQpdMwIEbVPEQo96DgvvUPtTCsRiKyuO9zvSrzqcxXEJFyDdLIJYojdXs_UYA9kPpv0A2Fxeg3LswrjR0nhWkI-hSXMgnNQsiLnOlj0Wr-122tkWtA/s320/19.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 2: tabel Kodon monoplet, duplet dan triplet</div><p dir="ltr" id="_zlYBex5mu8lkv4" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_CvMzj01c1iAXxw" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kodon monoplet</strong></p><p dir="ltr" id="_au0KYmb6p9r0P7" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jika satu basa nitrogen mewakili kode untuk mensintesis satu asam amino maka hanya ada empat kode untuk empat asam amino, sedangkan jenis asam amino ada 20.</p><p dir="ltr" id="_94DA9gKtEtmQxL" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kodon doublet</strong></p><p dir="ltr" id="_9oT6CAXTe9qwmp" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jika dua basa nitrogen mewakili kode untuk mensintesis satu asam amino, maka hanya ada 16 variasi asam amino yang dikodekan, sisanya 4 asam amino tidak memiliki kode. </p><p dir="ltr" id="_695a98iw81mOGp" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Kodon triplet</b></p><p dir="ltr" id="_x6qcINW9YXGdor" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kombinasi tiga basa nitrogen mewakili kode untuk mensintesis satu asam amino. Kode ini tampaknya tepat karena akan terbentuk 64 kombinasi dari tiga nukleotida dan cukup untuk mengkode sintesis 20 asam amino. </p><p dir="ltr" id="_hPkNfGXKa0Lgd0" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kesimpulan Gamow </strong>bahwa kode genetik atau basa nitrogen yang membentuk kodon tersusun dalam bentuk triplet (kelompok 3 basa nitrogen). Dan, setiap triplet mengkode satu asam amino.</p><p dir="ltr" id="_UZavOvFIMRObOj" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Hipotesis triplet Gamow diterima secara luas. Namun, tidak jelas jenis triplet nukleotida dan jenis asam amino yang dikodekan.</strong></p><p dir="ltr" id="_wQmjTJ4JD3Bqrw" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kemajuan dalam pemahaman kode genetik dimulai pada tahun 1961 oleh pakar biokimia Amerika <em>Marshall Nirenberg, yang</em> mengidentifikasi triplet nukleotida spesifik untuk asam amino spesifik. </p><p dir="ltr" id="_fQksbYELZgKASg" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mereka mampu mencapai kesimpulan ini melalui dua inovasi eksperimental berikut:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">membuat mRNA dengan urutan kode tertentu</span></li><li><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">membuat proses untuk menerjemahkan mRNA menjadi polipeptida di luar sel</span></li></ol><p dir="ltr" id="_Svtkv0mamVB32d" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contoh: Nirenberg membuat molekul mRNA yang hanya mengandung nukleotida Urasil (poli-U) --> hasilnya adalah polipeptida yang dibuat oleh mRNA ini hanya terbuat dari satu asam amino, yaitu <em>fenilalanin</em>. Sehigga diduga bahwa UUU kemungkinan mengkode asam amino fenilalanin. Nirenberg juga membuktikan bahwa <em>mRNA poli-C didekode menjadi</em> polipeptida yang terbuat dari asam amino <em>prolin</em> yang menunjukkan bahwa triplet CCC dapat mengkode prolin.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1SuWX_5YMr9mLS-QTicZbpm-cekG3p7MgeaznjfYV3uf6G_G1QIqxosX_J1VAj0p1sVZ6NDhnkOa3c0_T8N5mxcT0u2WJrEYOt_bKC9YeKtpKteeCPZHhRQ-e95c4u_AeY1XRH84wxQ/s500/22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="500" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1SuWX_5YMr9mLS-QTicZbpm-cekG3p7MgeaznjfYV3uf6G_G1QIqxosX_J1VAj0p1sVZ6NDhnkOa3c0_T8N5mxcT0u2WJrEYOt_bKC9YeKtpKteeCPZHhRQ-e95c4u_AeY1XRH84wxQ/w368-h153/22.png" width="368" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 3. </div><p dir="ltr" id="_wo6Uv9622VOdkV" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_wo6Uv9622VOdkV" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Har Gobind Khorana, seorang ahli biokimia, mensintesis mRNA buatan dengan urutan yang lebih kompleks. Misalnya, ia menghasilkan mRNA poli-UC ( UCUCUCUC….) dan hasilnya adalah kode triplet, poli-UC ini akan memberikan dua kombinasi kodon triplet yaitu CUC dan UCU. mRNA ini membuat polipeptida dengan susunan asam amino serin dan leusin yang berselang-seling. <em>CUC membentuk leusin dan UCU membentuk serin</em> . </p><p dir="ltr" id="_1I1nLGC1BxFXHe" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em>Pada tahun 1965, Nirenberg, Khorana dan anggota tim mereka berhasil menguraikan seluruh kode genetik dan menghasilkan tabel kode genetik dengan semua 64 kemungkinan kombinasi basa atau 64 kodon.</em></p><p dir="ltr" id="_1I1nLGC1BxFXHe" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong style="color: #505050; font-family: "Calibri Light", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; text-align: left;">Jenis-jenis Kodon</strong></p><p dir="ltr" id="_H0xImsmOehgdpv" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kodon Sense</strong><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_t9HuyWWTUj2l2s" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon <em>yang mengkode sintesis asam amino</em> disebut kodon sense. Ada <em>61 kodon sense</em> semua kodon ini mengkode 20 jenis asam amino.<br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_0u0sQXv6RJc8k0" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong>Kodon sinyal</strong><br /></p><p dir="ltr" id="_aHncPSr2UmSQAQ" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kodon yang mengkode sinyal start dan sinyal stop selama sintesis protein. Ada empat kodon sinyal yang meliputi AUG, UAA, UAG dan UGA. Kodon tersebut dikelompokkan atas:<br /></p><ul dir="ltr" id="_4QLsICYB0M2Kyy" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: pre-wrap;"><li dir="ltr" id="_s2ty8faa12B2MK" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Kodon start</strong>: Kodon yang menandai dimulainya proses translasi. Kodon ini merupakan kodon pertama dari mRNA yang menandai pada titik mana proses translasi dimulai. Kodon ini dikenal juga sebagai <em>kodon inisiasi</em> karena memulai sintesis rantai polipeptida. Misalnya, <em>AUG merupakan kodon start</em>, tetapi juga mengkode asam amino metionin.<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_DaqQokl4byHAm9" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Kodon stop</strong>: Terletak di dalam mRNA, diperlukan untuk menghentikan proses translasi. Kodon stop memberikan sinyal untuk pemutusan rantai polipeptida cetakan, disebut juga kodon terminasi. Jenis kodon stop adalah <em>UAA, UAG dan UGA. </em>Kodon ini sebelumnya disebut dengan kodon non-sense karena tidak mengkode asam amino apa pun. Sinyal yang diberikan oleh kodon stop tidak dibaca oleh transfer RNA (tRNA), tapi dibaca oleh protein, yang dikenal sebagai <strong>faktor pelepasan</strong>. </li><li dir="ltr" id="_DaqQokl4byHAm9" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;">Pada sel prokariotik, faktor pelepasannya adalah <strong>RF1, RF2 dan RF3</strong>. RF1 mengenali sinyal stop UAA dan UAG, sedangkan RF2 menangkap sinyal UAA dan UGA. Namun, RF3 mengaktifkan RF1 dan RF2. </li><li dir="ltr" id="_DaqQokl4byHAm9" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;">Sedangkan pada eukariota, hanya ada satu faktor pelepasan (eRF1) yang mengenali ketiga kodon stop.</li><li dir="ltr" id="_DaqQokl4byHAm9" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_DaqQokl4byHAm9" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: #505050; font-family: "Calibri Light", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; text-align: left;">Sifat Kode Genetik</strong></li><li dir="ltr" id="_6tIJX4MGtyFU5U" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOaCXuYeVcrpEXUepPQ4Yebg6-7CaqlDZ8XNfohdoyKlPb2s99LI_xswAmZKYk7DIlQlo4xuZBgjAj0MJQ5xAE0awPHxA5fRZkWwhT_ZN0LpPHVOqj8MptXjcIKl89lWEnVYQ036GONQ/s314/18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="314" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOaCXuYeVcrpEXUepPQ4Yebg6-7CaqlDZ8XNfohdoyKlPb2s99LI_xswAmZKYk7DIlQlo4xuZBgjAj0MJQ5xAE0awPHxA5fRZkWwhT_ZN0LpPHVOqj8MptXjcIKl89lWEnVYQ036GONQ/s0/18.png" width="314" /></a></div></li><li dir="ltr" id="_6tIJX4MGtyFU5U" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 2 : Tabel kodon</div></li><li dir="ltr" id="_6tIJX4MGtyFU5U" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></li><li dir="ltr" id="_6tIJX4MGtyFU5U" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Triplet</strong>: Kode genetik adalah triplet, jumlah total triplet ada 64 triplet dan cukup untuk mengkode 20 asam amino. Dalam 64 kode ini terdapat juga kodon yang bertindak sebagai kodon stop dan kodon start untuk memulai dan mengakhiri pembentukan rantai polipeptida.<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_lbf8gCg5MfRI3x" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Universal</strong>: Kode kodon bersifat spesifik untuk asam amino spesifik dan kodon spesifik yang bekerja sebagai kodon start dan stop di semua hewan, tumbuhan, dan organisme. Misalnya, kodon seperti UUU baik pada bakteri maupun pada manusia mengkode pembuatan asam amino <strong>Fenilalanin (phe)</strong>. Namun, ditemukan bahwa dalam mitokondria dan beberapa protozoa tidak mengkode Fenilalanin. Jadi, karena beberapa pengecualian, ini <strong>disebut hampir universal.</strong><br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_oBEnsR2P6WcG2R" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Tanpa koma: </strong>Kode ini tanpa koma. Kodon adalah kontinu yang berarti tidak ada garis pemisah antara dua kodon yang berurutan<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_v8NKuECZgDl3EY" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Kode berlebihan</strong>: ada banyak kodon dibandingkan jumlah variasi asam amino, akibatnya 1 asam amino dapat dikodekan oleh banyak kodon.<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_iyUHDKQIvy7q4z" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Tidak Tumpang Tindih</strong>: Tidak tumpang tindih yang berarti enam basa (2 triplet) akan mengkode dua asam amino. Satu huruf hanya dapat dibaca sekali atau satu nukleotida digunakan hanya sekali. Jika tumpang tindih, enam basa akan mengkode lebih dari dua asam amino. Misalnya dua basis CATGAT akan memberikan dua kode yang tidak tumpang tindih; CAT dan GAT. Namun, jika tumpang tindih akan memberikan lebih dari dua kode seperti CAT, GAT, ATG dan TAT.<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_0czy25gOCl7j6A" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Tidak ambigu</strong>: Meskipun ini adalah kode yang berlebihan, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa ini tidak ambigu karena setiap kodon hanya mengkode satu asam amino tertentu dalam kondisi normal.<br /></li><li dir="ltr" id="_xprvrXKtbDPja3" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong>Polaritas</strong>: Setiap kodon memiliki polaritas yang berarti arahnya tetap untuk pembacaan pesan. Jika kodon dibaca dalam arah yang berlawanan, itu akan mengkode asam amino yang berbeda. Misalnya, UUG akan mengkodekan leusin, sedangkan GUU (membaca dari kanan ke kiri) akan mengkodekan Valine. <strong>Kode dalam mRNA dibaca dalam arah 5'-3'</strong>, jadi, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa polaritas kode genetik adalah dari ujung 5' ke ujung 3'.</li><li dir="ltr" id="_xprvrXKtbDPja3" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: #505050; font-family: "Calibri Light", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; text-align: left;">Fungsi Kode Genetik</strong></li></ul><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kode genetik menentukan urutan di mana asam amino ditambahkan ke rantai polipeptida untuk mensintesis protein.</span></li><li><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kode genetik adalah kode yang memungkinkan urutan nukleotida dalam DNA dan RNA untuk diterjemahkan ke dalam asam amino yang dikodekan.</span></li><li><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sel mengelompokkan kode dalam mRNA yang terbentuk selama transkripsi dengan membaca kelompok tiga nukleotida (kodon).</span></li></ol><ul dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: pre-wrap;"><li dir="ltr" id="_xprvrXKtbDPja3" style="padding-bottom: 0.25em; text-align: justify;"><br /></li></ul><p dir="ltr" id="_1I1nLGC1BxFXHe" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><em><br /></em></p><p dir="ltr" id="_wQmjTJ4JD3Bqrw" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative; transition: margin-bottom 0.3s ease 0s; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-72105526794409096112021-10-02T15:56:00.000-07:002021-10-02T17:56:42.968-07:00Apa itu DNA?<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #610b38; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 29px; text-align: justify;">Apa itu DNA?</span></p><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA adalah singkatan dari Deoxyribonucleic Acid, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">merupakan materi genetik yang terdapat pada kromosom dalam inti sel. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, beberapa DNA juga ditemukan di Mitokondria, organel sel yang ada di dalam sel.</span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA mengandung atau membawa informasi genetik atau instruksi untuk pertumbuhan, reproduksi, perkembangan dan sifat atau ciri atau karakteristik organisme kepada keturunannya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA terdapat di setiap sel tubuh organisme.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><i>Siapa yang menemukan DNA?</i></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ahli biologi Swiss, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Johannes Friedrich Miescher</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> mengidentifikasi DNA untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 1869 ketika dia melakukan penelitian tentang sel darah putih. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selama bertahun-tahun, para ilmuwan tidak dapat menemukan lebih banyak tentang DNA dan tentang pentingnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, pada tahun </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">1953, James Watson, Francis Crick</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , mampu menemukan </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">struktur heliks ganda DNA</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yang membawa informasi genetik.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Jenis-jenis DNA</i></b></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada sel eukariotik seperti tumbuhan, hewan, selain di nukleus, sejumlah kecil DNA juga ditemukan dalam organel sel seperti di <b>mitokondria</b>. Berdasarkan lokasi ditemukannya, DNA dibedakan atas:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><ul class="points" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">DNA inti:</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah DNA yang </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>terletak di inti sel eukariotik</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA ini berbentuk linier dan memiliki ujung terbuka. Pada manusia DNA ini terletak dalam 46 kromosom (23 pasang) dalam nukleus. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian, DNA ini diploid, karena diwarisi dari dua orang tua. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tingkat mutasinya kurang dari 0,3%.</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">DNA mitokondria:</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>DNA ini terletak di mitokondria</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA ini memiliki ujung tertutup, melingkar dalam struktur dan haploid karena hanya berasal dari satu orang tua (ibu) atau diturunkan dari ibu ke anak. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tingkat mutasinya lebih tinggi dari DNA inti.</span></span></li></ul><div><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Struktur DNA</i></b></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA adalah polimer panjang nukleotida. Struktur DNA </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">memberikan informasi tentang berbagai faktor terkait DNA, seperti konsentrasi garam, tingkat hidrasi, urutan DNA, keberadaan basa nitrogen yang dimodifikasi secara kimia.</span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA seperti yang diungkapkan oleh model Watson - Crick ini dikenal sebagai B-DNA atau DNA bentuk B</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam kondisi tertentu, DNA dapat memiliki berbentuk seperti penjelasan dibawah ini:</span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><i>Struktur umum DNA</i></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">1. DNA bentuk A (A-DNA)</span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA bentuk A tergolong </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">jenis DNA langka</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">diadopsi oleh DNA selama kondisi dehidrasi</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun ia juga memiliki struktur heliks untai ganda seperti B-DNA, namun ukurannya lebih pendek dibandingkan B-DNA dan memiliki organisasi struktural yang kompak. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fitur struktural A-DNA</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> sebagai berikut:</span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><ul class="points" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A-DNA terbentuk atau muncul dari B-DNA dalam kondisi dehidrasi.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gula deoksiribosa berada dalam </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>endokonformasi C3' dalam bentuk-A</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pasangan basa dipindahkan jauh dari sumbu pusat dan terletak lebih dekat ke alur utama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, ia memiliki </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>heliks seperti pita dengan inti silinder yang lebih lebar</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A-DNA </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>lebih lebar dan lebih datar dari B-DNA</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A-DNA juga berbentuk heliks dengan putaran ke arah kanan dan diameter heliks </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>23 Angstrom (2,3 nm).</em></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A-DNA lebih pendek dari B-DNA karena kenaikan vertikal yang lebih kecil per pasangan basa (2,56 Angstrom).</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A-DNA memiliki </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>11 pasangan basa per satu spiral</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pasangan basa yang berdekatan terletak pada jarak 2,9 Angstrom</span></li></ul><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ka6ID-QEvSQllojIFqo6BodxwhxrCTLfkk8gI4EQJj_gmHx5AISRkJXBGad_5WFuWgykPZQjs_BWxi551iX0eiUgXYCFW8UCGycM1qAQEm9zoBv4KXhXwguf0awHHrPf3gVEA22jlMw/s798/21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="798" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ka6ID-QEvSQllojIFqo6BodxwhxrCTLfkk8gI4EQJj_gmHx5AISRkJXBGad_5WFuWgykPZQjs_BWxi551iX0eiUgXYCFW8UCGycM1qAQEm9zoBv4KXhXwguf0awHHrPf3gVEA22jlMw/s320/21.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 1. Bentuk-bentuk DNA</div><br /><div style="background-color: white;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;">2. DNA bentuk B (B-DNA)</div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk DNA ini adalah model DNA heliks ganda Watson-Crick yang sudah dikenal banyak orang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah </span></span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">bentuk DNA yang </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">paling umum</span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> di mana DNA berada dalam kondisi fisiologis alami seperti konsentrasi garam dan pH dalam sel yang ideal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>fitur struktural</em></span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> penting </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dari B-DNA</span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dijelaskan di bawah ini:</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><ul class="points" style="color: #333333; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Umumnya bentuk DNA yang banyak ditemukan dalam sel adalah dalam bentuk B-DNA.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gula deoksiribosa adalah di </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>endoconformation C2' </em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">B-DNA juga memiliki heliks dengan putaran ke arah kanan.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pasangan basa hampir terpusat di atas sumbu heliks yang berarti mereka terletak di inti dan tulang punggung gula fosfat terletak di bagian perifer heliks</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Semua pasangan basa memiliki lebar yang sama</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk satu putaran helik tersusun atas </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>10 pasangan basa</em></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Helix </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>berdiameter</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> sekitar </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">0 nm atau 20 Angstrom</span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pasangan basa satu dengan yang lain berjarak 3,4 Angstrom.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Alur utama B-DNA lebar dan dalam, sedangkan alur minor sempit dan dalam.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk ikatan glikosidik pada B-DNA adalah dalam bentuk antipararel</span></li></ul><div>3. DNA berbentuk Z (Z-DNA)</div><div>Beberapa karakteristik dari Z-DNA adalah </div><div><ul class="points" style="color: #333333; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Z-DNA memiliki </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">bentuk </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA heliks dengan putaran kearah kiri</span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Putaran Heliks ke kiri dalam pola zig-zag atau tulang punggung gula-fosfat memiliki pola zig-zag.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Z-DNA </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>ditemukan oleh Andres Wang dan Alexander Rich</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>diameter heliks Z-DNA adalah 18 Angstrom</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jarak antara setiap pasangan basa atau kenaikan heliks per pasangan basa adalah </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>4 Angstrom</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap putaran heliks berisi </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>12 pasangan basa</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Alur mayor datar, sedangkan alur minor sempit dan dalam.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk ikatan glikosidik antipararel untuk pirimidin dan pararel untuk purin.</span></li></ul></div></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; color: #333333;"><b><i>Fungsi DNA</i></b></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><ul class="points" style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>menyimpan informasi genetik lengkap</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yang diperlukan untuk membentuk protein dan RNA dari setiap organisme. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA memberikan instruksi atau informasi untuk sintesis semua jenis protein seluler seperti protein struktural dan enzim.</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA menentukan identitas suatu organisme.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA memutuskan aktivitas dan fungsi dan perilaku suatu organisme seperti periode kehamilan, kelahiran, kedewasaan, penuaan dan kematian.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>bereplikasi untuk membentuk DNA anakan</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan mentransfer satu gen ke sel anak selama pembelahan sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian, materi genetik ditransfer dari generasi ke generasi.</span></span></li></ul></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-63549294846410718332021-10-02T01:12:00.000-07:002021-10-02T01:13:21.190-07:00APA ITU GEN?<h1 style="text-align: left;"> APA ITU GEN</h1><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen merupakan</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em> untai pendek atau segmen DNA</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA adalah molekul beruntai ganda yang berisi urutan basa nitrogen seperti </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Adenin (A), Sitosin (C), Timin (T), dan Guanin (G). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa gen adalah urutan spesifik basa nitrogen dan </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>unit materi genetik (DNA)</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yang memiliki kode untuk sintesis protein serta untuk sintesis RNA ribosom, RNA transfer, dll. Gen dapat bereplikasi, dapat mengalami pindah silang dan juga dapat bermutasi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sehingga gen disebut juga </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>unit fungsional DNA atau kromosom</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGSpO66Lc9UwSp97wLpKLJaPTpLBka2xh0RWVYHGUHyw3FcvZyvivoxpo9nFoUghrQSB6d4YJc9XdIKH_yoJl9rVJWwG-oNQqU17MownQ5ggsp0QaE_vzCDOBhVJDpDT1twoAUoge5eSI/s477/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="477" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGSpO66Lc9UwSp97wLpKLJaPTpLBka2xh0RWVYHGUHyw3FcvZyvivoxpo9nFoUghrQSB6d4YJc9XdIKH_yoJl9rVJWwG-oNQqU17MownQ5ggsp0QaE_vzCDOBhVJDpDT1twoAUoge5eSI/s320/4.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 1 : kaitan nukleus, kromosom DNA dan Gen</span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hanya sebagian dari molekul atau untai DNA yang sesuai dengan satu gen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen terletak satu demi satu sebagai potongan untaian kecil DNA dalam </span></span><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/chromosome" style="color: green; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromosom</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa gen terbuat dari </span></span><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-dna" style="color: green; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada lebih dari 20.000 gen dalam kromosom sel manusia</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen-gen membuat protein yang membentuk komponen sel dan membentuk sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen memiliki variasi dalam ukuran. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, pada manusia, beberapa gen terbuat dari ratusan basa nitrogen DNA, sedangkan gen lain terdiri lebih lebih dari 2 juta basa nitrogen.</span></span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">Istilah genetika diperkenalkan oleh William Bateson pada tahun 1905. Kemudian, Wilhelm Johannes menciptakan istilah gen pada tahun 1909.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>Bagaimana Cara kerja Gen?</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;">Berdasarkan petunjuk atau perintah yang diberikan oleh gen, maka sel-sel di dalam tubuh membentuk molekul yang disebut protein. </span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi sebenarnya yang membentuk protein itu bukan gen, melainkan protein yang menjalankan berbagai fungsi seperti membuat pigmen mata, memperkuat otot, melawan bakteri atau kuman yang menyerang.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Begitu juga, gen yang mengandung petunjuk atau kode untuk keratin, maka petunjuk itu digunakan oleh sel untuk membentuk protein keratin. Protein </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Keratin yang bergabung satu dengan yang lain membentuk rambut atau kuku manusia. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian, sel yang berbeda menggunakan gen yang berbeda untuk membuat komponen-komponen tubuh dan gen membuat sel-sel tubuh melakukan fungsi yang berbeda satu dengan yang lain seperti pencernaan, respirasi, menghasilkan energi, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, dan banyak lagi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa gen merupakan unit dasar fisik dan fungsional pewarisan karena gen membawa informasi genetik dari orang tua ke keturunannya yang diperlukan untuk menentukan sifat atau ciri. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tidak semua gen membuat protein, beberapa gen membuat RNA yang melakukan beberapa fungsi lain</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><b>Apa itu Alel?</b></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sebuah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">gen selalu hadir berpasangan</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> seperti sepasang kromosom homolog. Alel adalah </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dua bentuk gen yang berbeda atau alternatif, yang mengontrol karakter atau ciri atau sifat yang sama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada manusia, alel gen selalu ada dalam pasangan yaitu masing-masing </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">satu pada setiap kromosom dari sepasang kromosom homolog dan pada lokasi yang sama pada kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lokasi gen pada kromosom di mana gen hadir disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">lokus</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> gen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbJ-hOQTePOhSB9KFSqyBQco_EtVGMKOGsuTltpQGvF1HrhOUjhU7ES5E2-QFwglqSTYkcCJf6HmIvTaKCqRtJNF0eadAU9aclw98MrzMgSwUmzbEjCf81Co3cZqkCYnE2ZxSLXAQ50IA/s467/18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="467" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbJ-hOQTePOhSB9KFSqyBQco_EtVGMKOGsuTltpQGvF1HrhOUjhU7ES5E2-QFwglqSTYkcCJf6HmIvTaKCqRtJNF0eadAU9aclw98MrzMgSwUmzbEjCf81Co3cZqkCYnE2ZxSLXAQ50IA/s320/18.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 2: Alela</span></span></span></span></div><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua alel mengontrol sifat</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> atau</span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ciri yang sama</span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> tetapi bentuk yang berbeda, misalnya gen yang mengontrol warna rambut mungkin memiliki dua alel satu untuk mengontrol warna rambut cokelat dan lainnya untuk mengontrol warna rambut hitam. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Demikian pula, gen untuk warna mata satu versi atau alel dengan instruksi untuk mata biru dan versi lain atau alel dengan instruksi mata cokelat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, warna mata anak tergantung pada alel dan interaksi antara alel yang didapatnya dari orang tuanya.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian ada dua salinan gen dalam diri seseorang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap orang tua mewariskan satu salinan gen kepada keturunannya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, anak mendapat dua salinan (alel) gen, satu dari ibu dan satu dari ayah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Inilah alasannya mengapa seorang anak menunjukkan beberapa fitur ayahnya dan beberapa fitur ibunya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar gen sama pada manusia, hanya sekitar 1% sedikit berbeda di antara manusia. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, alel memiliki sedikit perbedaan dalam urutan basa pada DNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Perbedaan-perbedaan ini bertanggung jawab atas ciri-ciri fisik dan kemampuan mental yang unik dari seseorang.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika alel gen pada organisme sama disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">homozigot</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> untuk gen itu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika mereka berbeda, organisme disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">heterozigot</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> untuk gen itu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fitur atau sifat seseorang ditentukan oleh kombinasi alel gen mereka.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><i>Terbuat dari apakah Gen Itu?</i></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen adalah untaian pendek atau segmen DNA yang terbuat dari jutaan bahan kimia yang disebut basa nitrogen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Basa nitrogen ini terdiri dari empat jenis; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Adenin (A), Sitosin (C), Timin (T), dan Guanin (G). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Karena gen adalah bagian dari DNA, maka </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">setiap gen dibuat dari urutan spesifik dari keempat basa ini</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap basa nitrogen adalah komponen nukleotida, yang merupakan blok pembangun DNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa gen terbuat dari empat jenis nukleotida A, T, G dan C. Gen yang berbeda memiliki kombinasi nukleotida yang berbeda. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nukleotida dari satu untai dihubungkan ke nukleotida dari untai yang berlawanan dengan ikatan hidrogen, sedangkan nukleotida dari untai tunggal terikat satu sama lain melalui <b>ikatan fosfodiester.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIp-2UjDfD28aJy1eTJ0LwebFA3jvpcPNPi_EqEEvqcKsvrSS4cfLnPGIQGgEBGcf8Imgdjwewh-0L-aIlDeOLhfNJ7km-3xU5FUKpSztRIEeq19Xql3mAjgfpocpQ0W_cmgn9wmabCwc/s808/13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="688" data-original-width="808" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIp-2UjDfD28aJy1eTJ0LwebFA3jvpcPNPi_EqEEvqcKsvrSS4cfLnPGIQGgEBGcf8Imgdjwewh-0L-aIlDeOLhfNJ7km-3xU5FUKpSztRIEeq19Xql3mAjgfpocpQ0W_cmgn9wmabCwc/s320/13.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 3: komposisi kimia Gen</span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kombinasi basa yang berbeda dari nukleotida yang berbeda memberikan ciri yang berbeda pada seseorang, misalnya, seseorang dengan kombinasi ATCGAT mungkin memiliki mata cokelat dan seseorang dengan ATCGAA mungkin memiliki mata biru. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sebuah sel manusia memiliki sekitar 20.000 gen dan tersusun atas 3.000.000.000 basa. </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jumlah total gen dan basa dalam sel suatu organisme disebut genom suatu organisme</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p></p><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Sejarah Penemuan Gen</i></b><p></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tokoh pertama yang menemukan konsep pewarisan sifat-sifat dari orang tua kepada keturunannya adalah </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mendel</span></span></em></span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, namun, ia gagal untuk menggambarkan atau mengetahui peran gen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Wilhelm Johannsen menciptakan istilah 'gen'</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> untuk mewakili satuan pewarisan Mendel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, dia tidak bisa menjelaskan struktur kimianya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, pada tahun 1953, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">James Watson dan Francis Crick</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> mendefinisikan struktur kimia DNA yang merupakan gen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Seperti Apa Struktur Gen?</i></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen adalah segmen pendek untai DNA (rantai yang terbuat dari nukleotida). G</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">en adalah unit untai DNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen dapat bervariasi dalam ukuran berdasarkan ukuran protein yang mereka kode.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tiga bagian atau segmen penting dalam struktur suatu gen,</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">yaitu</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">a. wilayah pertama adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">promotor</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">b. wilayah kedua adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">struktural</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">c. wilayah ketiga atau terakhir adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">terminator</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada beberapa daerah pada DNA atau gen yang mengandung urutan tertentu yang memberikan sinyal kepada enzim tentang titik awal gen dari mana enzim seharusnya memulai transkripsi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Urutan yang mempromosikan transkripsi ini disebut urutan promotor dan wilayah yang berisi urutan ini disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">wilayah promotor</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, pada eukariota, urutan di wilayah promotor disebut kotak TATA (TATA BOX) karena terbuat dari urutan basa TATAAA.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Wilayah struktural</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah wilayah gen yang berisi kode aktual yang membentuk mRNA atau bagian dari gen yang ditranskripsi untuk membentuk mRNA.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Daerah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">terminator</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah daerah di mana gen berakhir dan mengandung kodon stop untuk mengakhiri proses transkripsi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, tidak semua daerah pada DNA bertindak sebagai gen untuk ditranskripsi, namun ada juga daerah pada DNA yang berperan sebagai pendukung dalam proses transkripsi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Perbedaan </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">utama antara gen prokariotik dan eukariotik</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah bahwa gen prokariotik hanya mengandung ekson, sedangkan gen eukariotik mengandung ekson dan intron. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, gen prokariotik hanya terbuat dari ekson.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, di wilayah struktural, ekson adalah bagian atau wilayah gen yang mengkode sintesis protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sedangkan intron adalah bagian gen di daerah struktural yang tidak berperan dalam sintesis protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ekson adalah wilayah pengkodean dan intron adalah wilayah non-pengkodean. </span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Intron terletak di antara ekson. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka dikeluarkan dari mRNA yang baru terbentuk melalui proses yang disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">splicing</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setelah intron dikeluarkan, ekson bergabung satu sama lain untuk membentuk urutan pengkode protein yang menuju ke ribosom untuk sintesis protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ekson adalah bagian dari daerah pengkodean gen yang tetap berada di mRNA setelah penyambungan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Intron disambung selama pemrosesan RNA.</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #ead1dc; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Katrakteristik Gen</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><ul class="points" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle; text-align: justify;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen adalah unit fungsional hereditas, memiliki variasi, dapat bermutasi dan berevolusi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen menentukan fitur fisik, mental dan fisiologis makhluk hidup. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mentransfer fitur-fitur ini dari orang tua kepada anak-anak mereka.</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen terletak di kromosom dalam bentuk segmen kecil DNA.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen menempati posisi tetap dalam DNA atau kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Posisi ini dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>lokus</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen-gen disusun dalam urutan linier satu demi satu sebagai manik-manik pada seutas tali.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mengandung kode atau informasi untuk sintesis protein, sintesis enzim dan RNA yang diperlukan untuk melakukan berbagai fungsi dalam tubuh.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen dapat membuat salinan duplikat dari diri mereka sendiri melalui proses yang disebut replikasi.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen tunggal umumnya memiliki dua bentuk berbeda yang disebut alel.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Fungsi Gen</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul class="points" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen memungkinkan orang tua untuk mewariskan fitur mereka kepada keturunannya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen membawa informasi yang berkaitan dengan sifat atau fitur seseorang dan ketika mereka diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi lain, </span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;">Gen mengontrol atau menentukan fenotipe keturunan termasuk fitur struktural dan fungsional.</li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mengontrol reproduksi melalui replikasi.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mungkin mengalami mutasi dan menyebabkan polimorfisme dan variasi pada manusia atau spesies. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mutasi ini juga menyebabkan gangguan metabolisme dan kesalahan metabolisme bawaan.</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen juga terkait dengan proses penuaan.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mengatur transkripsi mRNA dan dengan demikian mengontrol jumlah protein yang akan disintesis. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mengontrol fungsi DNA dan RNA.</span></span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen mengkode berbagai jenis RNA selain mRNA seperti rRNA dan tRNA.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen dapat mengaktifkan atau menonaktifkan gen tertentu berdasarkan kebutuhan suatu organisme.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gen melakukan diferensiasi seluler selama perkembangan.</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><b><i style="background-color: #ead1dc;">Daftar Pustaka</i></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Campbell, N. A. & J. B. Reece. (2008). Biologi, Edisi Kedelapan Jilid 3.
Terjemahan: Damaring Tyas Wulandari. Jakarta: Erlangga.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fried, H. George & George J . Hademenos. 2006. Schaum’s Outlines Biologi
Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Erlangga. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="_ap_apex_ad" data-ap-network="adpTags" data-refresh-time="1633153246663" data-render-time="1633151977249" data-section-id="" data-section="95ca01e6-3802-4be3-ae1d-012fe262f675" data-timeout="15434" data-xpath="#city > table:eq(0) > tbody:eq(0) > tr:eq(0) > td:eq(0) > p:eq(11)" id="95ca01e6-3802-4be3-ae1d-012fe262f675" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: 250px; margin: 10px auto 20px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 300px;"><div data-google-query-id="CJWXn_2Bq_MCFeQh1QodF6kACQ" id="ADP_37780_728X250_95ca01e6-3802-4be3-ae1d-012fe262f675" style="margin: 0px auto;"></div></div><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-33393284611398149722021-09-29T02:20:00.005-07:002021-10-02T01:13:39.318-07:00KROMOSOM RAKSASA<h2 style="text-align: left;">KROMOSOM RAKSASA</h2><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti namanya, kromosom raksasa berukuran sangat besar dibandingkan dengan kromosom normal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga disebut mega kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom raksasa terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom lampbrush dan kromosom Polytene. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Istilah ' </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>kromosom raksasa</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ' diberikan oleh </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>Winchester.</em></span></p><p><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>1. Kromosom Lampbrush</em></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah kromosom raksasa yang ditemukan dalam oosit atau sel telur yang belum matang (sel germinal di ovarium) pada sebagian besar vertebrata seperti ikan, amfibi, burung dan reptil, serta pada beberapa serangga. </span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, kromosom ini tidak ditemukan pada mamalia. </span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini umumnya ditemukan di oosit karena sel ini memiliki kandungan DNA sangat tinggi. </span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini terbentuk sebagai respons terhadap sintesis aktif molekul mRNA dalam sel telur untuk digunakan pada perkembangan selanjutnya.</span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciri-ciri karakteristik kromosom Lampbrush:</span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">- hanya dapat diamati pada </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tahap diploten dari profase pertama meiosis pada spesies hewan, vertebrata dan invertebrata</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">- ukuran giant krommosom lampbrush pada sel oosit invertebrata lebih kecil dibandingkan kromosom lampbrush pada oosit vertebrata.</span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">- bentuk loop lateral kromosom persis seperti sikat lampu, sehingga nama ini diberikan pada kromosom raksasa ini</span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini pertama kali diamati oleh </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>Walther Flemming pada tahun 1882</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dalam oosit Salamander dan dijelaskan oleh Ruckert dalam oosit hiu pada tahun 1892. </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>Nama kromosom Lampbrush juga diberikan oleh Ruckert</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> berdasarkan kemiripannya dengan sikat pembersih lampu.</span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur Kromosom Lampbrush</span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom lampbrush merupakan kromosom homolog (sinapsis) yang berukuran sekitar 1500 hingga 2000 mikrometer. Pada tahap profase akhir dari meiosis kromosom ini berbentuk </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap bivalen terbuat dari dua kromosom homolog (4 kromatid) yang dihubungkan oleh </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">chiasmata.</span></span></em></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></em></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb00dXp4o9tJw4lLMfUx-UanOflmKzUIzdAlPHo2XFlcUhAivsm1zFDxcv12Kb_kuzHFLVTbGjZVmL0gapqX7bGbf2LdDIEa_J4kHksk2wqYc04R9SDAkqHQzLZKjPRwViS4guxaoqJkU/s741/4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="658" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb00dXp4o9tJw4lLMfUx-UanOflmKzUIzdAlPHo2XFlcUhAivsm1zFDxcv12Kb_kuzHFLVTbGjZVmL0gapqX7bGbf2LdDIEa_J4kHksk2wqYc04R9SDAkqHQzLZKjPRwViS4guxaoqJkU/s320/4.png" width="284" /></a></span></em></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 1 : Struktur kromosom Lampbrush</span></em></span></span></div><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><p><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sumbu longitudinal dimana loop muncul terbuat dari </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">molekul </span></span><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-dna" style="color: green; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> tunggal</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. Ada </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak struktur seperti manik-manik yang disebut </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromomer tersusun secara linier di sepanjang sumbu ini</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dua loop lateral simetris dalam arah yang berlawanan muncul dari setiap kromomer yang dapat mengembang atau berkontraksi sebagai respons terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda.</span></span></p><p><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop yang berlawanan selalu simetris. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap kromosom dalam bivalen berbentuk dua lengan setiap kromatid. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, sentromer dari masing-masing kromosom tidak memiliki loop. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada sekitar 10.000 loop per set kromosom atau set haploid.</span></span></span></p></span></span></span></span><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop lateral mengandung </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">5 sampai 10% DNA</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop ini terdiri dari DNA yang aktif melakukan transkripsi, dan membuat sejumlah besar mRNA yang diperlukan untuk sintesis yolk (kuning telur). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Massa kromomer juga berkurang pada titik dari mana loop muncul karena bahan kromomer, pembentukan loop yang sesuai berputar ke untai lateral. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Panjang loop adalah </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">10 mikrometer</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan diameternya sekitar </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">1 mikrometer</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop kaya akan RNA dan terbentuk di sekitar sumbu yang terbuat dari molekul DNA tunggal yang dibuka dari kromosom selama sintesis RNA. </span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop ditutupi oleh matriks yang terbuat dari transkrip RNA dan protein pengikat yang melekat padanya. </span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi utama dari kromosom Lampbrush adalah untuk membantu dalam sintesis RNA dan sintesis lipid atau yolk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Peranan kromosom Lampbrush</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><ul class="points" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style: circle; text-align: justify;"><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop yang ada dalam kromosom digunakan untuk pemetaan kromosom, terutama loop yang muncul di lokasi konstan dalam kromosom.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sangat berguna untuk memvisualisasikan ekspresi gen dalam keadaan netral dan memungkinkan untuk mempelajari perubahan yang terkait dengan transkripsi.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromosom lampbrush memberikan bukti untuk amplifikasi gen eukariotik yang diperlukan dalam fase pertumbuhan oosit.</span></li><li style="color: black; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; padding: 0.2em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis hibridisasi.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><b><i>2. Kromosom Politen</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom politen juga merupakan kromosom raksasa yang </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><em>terdiri dari ribuan untai DNA</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, ukurannya tidak sebesar kromosom Lampbrush. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><em>pertama kali diamati pada sel kelenjar ludah larva Chironomas (Diptera). </em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel-sel dalam kelenjar ludah larva ini sangat besar sehingga dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan mikroskop bedah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Inti sel-sel ini juga sangat besar dengan diameter sekitar 25 mikron dan kromosom juga berukuran 50 hingga 200 kali lebih besar daripada kromosom sel-sel tubuh organisme lainnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ukuran kromosom yang besar disebabkan karena </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><em>besar karena kandungan DNA mereka yang tinggi.</em></span></div><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Penemuan kromosom politen</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis kromosom raksasa ini </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">pertama kali diamati oleh EG Balbiani pada tahun 1881. </span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, tokoh ini tidak menyimpulkan kromosom polliten sebagai kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian dipelajari oleh <b>Korschelt dan Corney </b>pada tahun 1884. Selain itu, Bauer dan Heitz juga mempelajari kromosom tersebut pada tahun 1933 pada larva Bibio hortulanus. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian pada tahun 1933, kromosom ini dijelaskan pertama kalinya oleh <b>Theophilus Painter</b> dari kelenjar ludah Drosophila.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini diberi nama politen karena ukurannya yang besar dan tersusun atas banyak helaian ( </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">poly berarti banyak dan tene berarti helai</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, kromosom politen dikenal juga sebagai kromosom kelenjar ludah karena ditemukan di sel-sel kelenjar ludah Drosophila. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nama atau </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">istilah polytene diberikan oleh Kollar</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena adanya banyak chromonemata atau untai DNA di dalamnya. </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terlihat pada tahap interfase pembelahan sel.</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bagaimana Kromosom Politen terbentuk?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom raksasa Polytene muncul karena </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">replikasi ganda atau berulang dari DNA kromosom</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> tanpa pembelahan inti atau endomitosis. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Membran inti tetap utuh, </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tidak pecah dan spindel tidak terbentuk. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, replikasi terus menerus (endoreplikasi) DNA berlangsung tanpa pembelahan apapun. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akibatnya, </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromatid anak tidak terpisah</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan tetap bergabung berdampingan, sehingga terbentuk kromosom politen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis kromosom raksasa ini terlihat selama tahap interfase dan profase mitosis.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, kromosom politen terbentuk karena replikasi berulang dari kromosom homolog di mana sister kromatid yang direplikasi atau yang baru terbentuk tidak terpisah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lebih jauh lagi, mungkin ada sekitar </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">1000 molekul DNA identik yang sejajar secara lateral dalam kromosom politen</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> sehingga banyak lengan dapat dilihat sebagai kromatid yang tidak terpisah.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><i style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">Struktur kromosom politen</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lengan kromosom menunjukkan serangkaian </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>pita gelap dan jelas bergantian yang</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> disebut interbands. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pita-pita ini terbentuk karena jumlah kromatin bervariasi di sepanjang sumbu linier kromosom ini. </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>daerah di mana konsentrasi kromatin yang tinggi tampak gelap seperti yang dikenal sebagai chromomer atau band gelap, sedangkan, daerah dengan konsentrasi kromatin rendah disebut interchromomeres atau interbands</em></span><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsnZOPVNx7156Jsc4g8nVvMqtEbup93eUbgRkVXKdyf3pLUdUGMx-IOBiiBgjhC4-VT1F0SK6wEHKcNpnElNWprpuHlk0_NCMTsXUDmTAE1ZfUm8CpQcflOp47zXyKlagHjqAy3kBhQQ/s656/16.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="656" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMsnZOPVNx7156Jsc4g8nVvMqtEbup93eUbgRkVXKdyf3pLUdUGMx-IOBiiBgjhC4-VT1F0SK6wEHKcNpnElNWprpuHlk0_NCMTsXUDmTAE1ZfUm8CpQcflOp47zXyKlagHjqAy3kBhQQ/s320/16.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 2: kromosom politen</span></div><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sekitar 85% DNA dari kromosom polytene ditemukan di pita gelap dan 15% sisanya ditemukan di interbands. </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pita gelap mengandung lebih banyak DNA tapi kurang jumlah RNA</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , sedangkan, </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">interband berisi lebih RNA daripada DNA</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pola pita ini tetap sama untuk spesies tertentu.</span></span></span></span><p></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pita gelap adalah daerah eukromatik. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">pita gelap pada kromosom mungkin membengkak atau mengembang untuk membentuk ekstensi atau embusan yang disebut embusan kromosom atau cincin Balbiani</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pembentukan puff dikenal sebagai puffing. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Puff ini terbentuk karena transkripsi DNA aktif yang terlibat dalam sintesis berbagai jenis RNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, puff adalah sisi aktif tempat berlangsungnya sintesis RNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, chromonemata membuka gulungan untuk membentuk banyak loop di puff. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, kromosom ayah dan ibu tetap sejajar berdampingan dalam kromosom politen dan fenomena ini dikenal sebagai </span></span><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">pasangan somatik.</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom politen ditemukan dalam sel selama tahap perkembangan, misalnya selama perkembangan organ yang cepat, yang diperlukan untuk melakukan fungsi ertentu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom politensangat berguna untuk mempelajari berbagai fitur kromosom interfase serta untuk analisis seluruh genom.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; vertical-align: inherit;">Peranan Kromosom Politen</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini meningkatkan volume sel dan kandungan DNA sehingga memiliki banyak salinan gen yang memungkinkan ekspresi gen tingkat tinggi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, pada Drosophila melanogaster, kromosom polytene dari kelenjar ludah larva membantu menghasilkan sejumlah besar mukoprotein perekat, sejenis lem sebelum kepompong. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fenotip batang mata berbentuk ginjal pada lalat ini juga diproduksi karena kromosom politen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Interbands berinteraksi dengan protein kromatin aktif dan berfungsi sebagai tempat pengikatan RNA polimerase II untuk memulai replikasi dan remodeling nukleosom atau fragmen pendek DNA.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span face="inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></p><span face="inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></em></span><p></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-80450412919805362282021-09-25T20:26:00.000-07:002021-10-02T01:13:53.230-07:00Kromosom: definisi, struktur, jenis, & komposisi<h1 class="h1" style="background-color: white; color: #610b38; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom: definisi, struktur, jenis, & komposisi</span></h1><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom adalah struktur seperti benang yang terletak di inti sel seperti sel tumbuhan, hewan, dan manusia. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap kromosom terbuat dari molekul DNA (Asam Deoksiribonukleat)</span></span><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-dna" style="color: green; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="adp_interactive_ad"></div></a></span><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dan protein histon. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Strukturnya yang unik membuat kedua untai DNA melilit protein histon dengan erat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, DNA dikemas menjadi kromosom atau </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>kromosom adalah kumpulan DNA yang tergulung rapat.</em></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVP5tTq1x59aM9QprBhALucOej4XZexOEk6bQIM3xQPKd65lG7yP20JLnsaa89tOEIB27BxxB6F2Zhx5Assf-GfOr1PhDxlttH2OphCRnPo3jwbaIQVqaUVuyaUqoFLSsdTybkdCIh5eg/s790/13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="790" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVP5tTq1x59aM9QprBhALucOej4XZexOEk6bQIM3xQPKd65lG7yP20JLnsaa89tOEIB27BxxB6F2Zhx5Assf-GfOr1PhDxlttH2OphCRnPo3jwbaIQVqaUVuyaUqoFLSsdTybkdCIh5eg/s320/13.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gambar 1: Kromosom dan DNA</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>A. Struktur kromosom</b></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA dibungkus beberapa kali di sekitar protein histon, yang merupakan oktamer histon karena terbuat dari delapan molekul histon empat di atas dan empat di bawah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur yang terbentuk karena pembungkusan DNA di sekitar protein histon disebut nukeosom. </span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nukleosom tersusun rapat untuk membentuk kromatin, yang menggulung membentuk </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">loop kromatin</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Loop ini kemudian melilit satu sama lain sehingga kromatin menjadi sangat terlipat untuk membuat kromosom utuh.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKjQexrnDljsWxmIeko5_c3OUJxtWu3h_5N0olheLPndhV6BtAQwBrXlwO25-eK92jg02YtVMhApvyiCuGETRXaP9mTUuPgtkTghEBu7MLGoIXYuBoFQeNTLi3Mrk1nDFErVvzSzAuXr4/s602/16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="602" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKjQexrnDljsWxmIeko5_c3OUJxtWu3h_5N0olheLPndhV6BtAQwBrXlwO25-eK92jg02YtVMhApvyiCuGETRXaP9mTUuPgtkTghEBu7MLGoIXYuBoFQeNTLi3Mrk1nDFErVvzSzAuXr4/s320/16.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 2 : Kaitan DNA dan Kromosom</span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA yang melilit protein histon memiliki </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">147 pasangan basa</span></span></em></span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kita dapat mengatakan bahwa oktamer histone memegang 147 pasangan basa. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nukleosom terlihat seperti kalung manik-manik. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA antara dua nukleosom disebut </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA penghubung</span></span></em></span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan memiliki sekitar </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">53 pasangan basa</span></span></em></span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi satu nukleosom termasuk DNA penghubungnya mengandung </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">200 pasangan basa. (subhanallah luar biasa tingginya Ilmu sang pencipta).</span></span></span></em></span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>Nama kromosom berasal dari dua kata Yunani chroma yang berarti warna dan soma yang berarti tubuh</em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nama ini diberikan karena merupakan satu-satunya struktur dalan sel yang sangat mudah diwarnai oleh warna-warni pewarna yang digunakan oleh para ilmuwan dalam penelitian mereka.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom biasanya tidak terlihat bahkan di bawah mikroskop ketika sel sedang tidak membelah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom bisa </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>terlihat di</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> bawah mikroskop hanya ketika DNA dalam kromosom menjadi padat yaitu </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><em>selama tahap metafase pembelahan sel</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>B. Penemuan Kromosom</b></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1842, Karl Nageli, adalah orang pertama yang melihat struktur seperti batang yang ada di inti sel tumbuhan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Secara umum diketahui bahwa kromosom pertama kali ditemukan oleh </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Walther Flemming pada tahun 1882</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, pada tahun 1888, von </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Waldeyer-Hartz menciptakan istilah 'kromosom'</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1902, dua ilmuwan <b>Theodor Boveri </b>dan <b>Walter Sutton</b> secara terpisah menemukan bahwa kromosom adalah pembawa materi genetik atau gen.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">bentuk kromosom</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> bervariasi dari spesies ke spesies. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, bakteri umumnya memiliki <b>kromosom sirkuler</b>. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Padahal, tumbuhan, hewan, dan manusia memiliki <b>kromosom linier</b> di dalam selnya. </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jumlah kromosom juga bervariasi dari spesies ke spesies</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, jumlahnya sama untuk semua sel dari spesies tertentu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, semua sel manusia mengandung 23 pasang kromosom atau 46 kromosom yang tersusun dalam 23 pasang; </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">22 pasang autosom dan satu pasang kromosom seks (allosom)</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (XX untuk perempuan dan XY untuk laki-laki). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lalat buah memiliki empat pasang kromosom, tanaman padi memiliki 12 pasang kromosom dan anjing memiliki 39 pasang kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, setiap spesies memiliki jumlah kromosom yang khas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel-sel yang membentuk tubuh organisme tetapi tidak mengambil bagian dalam pembentukan organisme baru selama reproduksi disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">sel somatik</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Semua sel manusia adalah sel somatik kecuali sel kelamin seperti sel sperma dan sel ovum.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel somatik adalah diploid (2n)</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena mengandung 23 pasang kromosom yaitu </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dua salinan dari setiap kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun,</span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> hanya gamet atau sel kelamin seperti sperma dan sel telur manusia</span></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yang haploid (1n)</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena mereka memiliki satu salinan dari setiap kromosom (hanya satu kromosom dari sepasang); </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">total 23 kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, mereka disebut sel haploid (1n). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua gamet tersebut melebur atau bersatu ketika fertilisasi untuk membentuk sel diploid (2n) tunggal yang berisi dua salinan dari setiap kromosom; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">23 pasang atau 46 kromosom.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, setiap orang tua menyediakan satu set kromosom untuk membuat pasangan sehingga anak-anak mendapatkan setengah kromosom ayah dan setengah kromosom ibu. </span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, satu set kromosom berasal dari ayah dan set kedua berasal dari ibu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Fungsi</b></span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b> utama Kromosom</b></span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah untuk memberikan stabilitas pada DNA dan untuk memastikan bahwa DNA direplikasi dan didistribusikan secara merata selama pembelahan sel.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>C. Komponen penyusun kromosom</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Kromosom terbuat dari protein histon dan untai DNA yang membentuk struktur 3 dimensi (3D) yang disebut heliks ganda. Ada sembilan komponen penyusun kromosom yaitu:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>1. kromatid</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromatid</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah setengah dari kromosom yang direplikasi atau digandakan atau salah satu dari dua bagian identik dari kromosom yang direplikasi atau digandakan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom yang direplikasi memiliki salinan duplikat yang melekat pada dirinya sendiri.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUDGU4e3tRM3xzArFgiVgAJNpW6GeaEFLQ3gOoEt-TZkXE5903sGAMQs7ZAO0_zOggd7XFfU-tfp9N3Fe3LhsROZA7z_UoEGdNnulUu44pBZW5Yj6JS1AqscxMNAwxvzMc_ch6bKj5ss/s507/18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="507" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUDGU4e3tRM3xzArFgiVgAJNpW6GeaEFLQ3gOoEt-TZkXE5903sGAMQs7ZAO0_zOggd7XFfU-tfp9N3Fe3LhsROZA7z_UoEGdNnulUu44pBZW5Yj6JS1AqscxMNAwxvzMc_ch6bKj5ss/s320/18.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 3 : Kromosom dan Kromatid</span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, kromosom yang digandakan memiliki dua kromatid yang melekat pada sentromernya dan dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromosom dengan dua kromatid (sister kromosom)</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, yang secara genetik identik. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terbentuk selama pembelahan sel mitosis maupun meiosis karena setelah replikasi DNA, kromosom terbentuk dari dua struktur identik yang disebut sister kromatid.</span></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>1. Sentromer</b></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">penyempitan primer</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah titik di mana sister kromatid melekat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer adalah wilayah terbatas dimana lengan kromosom (kromatid) berasal; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">lengan pendek (disebut lengan p) dan lengan panjang (disebut lengan q). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer adalah hubungan antara dua sister kromatid. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer memberikan kromosom bentuk unik yang membantu memahami struktur dan lokasi gen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Posisi sentromer juga membantu mengkategorikan kromosom ke dalam jenis yang berbeda.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9YXmU7uXJhtXewpDGduVMhCLOsVuPXYB7Rfhw-2vDqxwQfQwJjstulfKWC1PaRUYN4MdXn-5cBqKpFq96oGlU5QAdLhIbAt3sLnEn6NaU_1e7T1fYFWbhvmtzXxs5FSUgEcvFpb-APA/s558/19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="558" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9YXmU7uXJhtXewpDGduVMhCLOsVuPXYB7Rfhw-2vDqxwQfQwJjstulfKWC1PaRUYN4MdXn-5cBqKpFq96oGlU5QAdLhIbAt3sLnEn6NaU_1e7T1fYFWbhvmtzXxs5FSUgEcvFpb-APA/s320/19.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 4: Letak sentromer dalam kromosom</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer memfasilitasi pergerakan kromosom selama tahap anafase dari pembelahan sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Posisi sentromer mungkin berbeda pada kromosom yang berbeda. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Dibagian atas sentromer juga terdapat kompleks protein yang berbentuk cakram disebut </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kinetokor.</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> Struktur ini memungkinkan serat gelendong, yang terbentuk selama pembelahan sel, untuk melekat padanya.</span></span></span></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>3. Lekukan sekunder</b></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lekukan sekunder</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah daerah menyempit pada kromosom selain penyempitan primer atau sentromer. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lekukan sekunder dapat ditemukan di setiap titik kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini menandai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="font-style: italic;">lokasi di mana nukleolus berkumpul dan reorganisasi atau tempat pembentukan nukleolus, </b>terjadi</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> di interfase siklus sel pada akhir pembelahan sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, lekukan sekunder juga dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">wilayah pengorganisasian nukleolar (NOR)</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Nukleolus terbentuk di sekitar wilayah NOR.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLauBO6l-8EJqZ5A-VR0E5j1XwBgFX28CnjMcI61OCkQCoyLc9mlqSpeSE-tEbe_vLdJkCBR1vVJ36MYbwWWxwACtfBLsYL_W8v81An6cbObUrpD_EJ85IpsuntUyUVC2wwb2pTzhjx8/s571/21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="571" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGLauBO6l-8EJqZ5A-VR0E5j1XwBgFX28CnjMcI61OCkQCoyLc9mlqSpeSE-tEbe_vLdJkCBR1vVJ36MYbwWWxwACtfBLsYL_W8v81An6cbObUrpD_EJ85IpsuntUyUVC2wwb2pTzhjx8/s320/21.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar 5: Struktur sentromer, lekukan sekunder (I) dan (II), dan nukleolus</span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>4. Satelit</b></span></span></span></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Satelit</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah struktur seperti tombol di ujung kromosom, yang berada di luar lekukan sekunder atau dibagian distalnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Satelit terletak diantara penyempitan sekunder dan telomer, sehingga disebut </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">juga disebut </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><em>Trabant atau badan satelit</em></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ukurannya dapat bervariasi sesuai dengan posisi lekukan sekunder. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom dengan satelit disebut </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><em>sat-kromosom</em></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Keberadaan satelit digunakan untuk membantu mengidentifikasi kromosom dari satu set kromosom karena posisinya tetap sama untuk kromosom tertentu.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>5. Pelikel</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pelikel</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> merupakan membran yang membungkus kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap kromosom dibatasi oleh pelikel, yang sangat tipis dan terbuat dari bahan akromatik (non-genetik).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>6. Matriks</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Matriks</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> merupakan substansi kromosom yang berbentuk jeli, yang diapit oleh pelikel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Matriks adalah bahan akromatik (non-genetik) dan mengandung chromonemata.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>7. Kromonemata</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Chromonemata (chromonema), </span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">adalah filamen pusat berbentuk melingkar spiral berada dalam matriks kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Disepanjang kromonema berjejer kromomer. c</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">hromonemata sangat rapat sehingga terlihat seperti filamen atau benang tunggal dengan ketebalan sekitar 800 Angstrom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Chromonemata pertama kali terlihat oleh </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Baranetzky</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> pada tahun 1880 dalam sel induk serbuk sari tanaman Tradescantia.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><b>8. Kromomer</b></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">Chromomer</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> berbentuk manik-manik atau butiran yang diatur secara berurutan di sepanjang chromonemata. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromomer adalah massa padat dari kromatin melingkar yang terletak pada interval tetap di sepanjang benang chromonema. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromomer pada chromonema terlihat seperti manik-manik pada tali.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>9. Telomer</b></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Telomer</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah bagian ujung atau bagian </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">terminal kromosom</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Telomer berbeda dalam struktur dan komposisi dari sisa kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Telomer berfungsi mencegah ujung kromosom menempel ke ujung kromosom lain. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, itu adalah bagian kromosom yang dimodifikasi yang menempel pada membran nukleus. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terbuat dari urutan basa yang sama yang diulang lagi dan lagi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Urutan telomer pada manusia adalah TTAGGG.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>D. Jenis-jenis kromosom atau bentuk kromosom</b></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis kromosom dibedakan berdasarkan:</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">1. letak sentromer dalam kromosom</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><i>a. metasentrik</i></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Metasentrik</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> yaitujenis kromosom dimana </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">sentromer terletak persis di tengah kromosom </span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">karena kedua lengan (lengan p dan lengan q) hampir sama panjang dan kromosom memperoleh karakteristik bentuk-V. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromosom manusia nomor 1, 3, 16, 19 dan 20 adalah tergolong kromosom metasentrik.</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">b. Submetasentrik</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sub-metasentrik</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> memiliki </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer yang terletak agak jauh dari pusat</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> atau titik tengah, sehingga ukuran lengan tidak sama panjang; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">lengan p lebih pendek dari lengan q. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Karena posisi sentromer seperti ini, kromosom ini memperoleh </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b style="font-style: italic;">bentuk L yang khas. </b>Misalkan <b style="font-style: italic;"> </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromosom manusia nomor 2, 4 hingga 12, 17, 18 dan X berbentuk kromosom sub-metasentrik.</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">c. Akrosentrik</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akrosentrik</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> letak </span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sentromer</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> berada jauh dari pusat hampir di dekat daerah ujung kromosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Posisi sub-terminal sentromer menimbulkan lengan p yang sangat pendek dan lengan q yang sangat panjang. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em>kromosom manusia nomor 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 dan Y adalah kromosom type akrosentrik.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">d. Telosentrik</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">Telosentris</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> merupakan kromosom berbentuk batang yang sentromernya terletak di ujung proksimal (ujung) kromosom, sehingga lengan p tidak ada. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kromosom ini tidak ditemukan pada manusia.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 2. Jenis kromosom berdasarkan fungsinya</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>a. Autosom</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Autosom, </span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dari 46 kromosom sel somatik manusia (23 pasang), 44 kromosom (22 pasang) adalah autosom. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Autosom berperan dalam mengontrol karakteristik somatik suatu organisme seperti berat badan, tinggi badan, warna, dll. Mereka tidak berperan dalam menentukan jenis kelamin individu.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk Autosom adalah sama untuk pria dan wanita</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pasangan kromosom autosom adalah homolog satu sama lain (mirip satu sama lain dan hampir memiliki bentuk dan ukuran yang sama) dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">pasangan kromosom homolog</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga mengandung informasi genetik yang sama karena mereka memiliki gen yang sama di lokasi yang sama.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>b. Kromosom seks (allosom)</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">Kromosom seks</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> : Satu dari 23 pasang kromosom atau pasangan terakhir dari kromosom dalam sel manusia, yang membantu dalam menentukan jenis kelamin individu, disebut kromosom seks. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika pasangan tersebut memiliki kromosom identik (XX), individu tersebut adalah perempuan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jika mereka berbeda seperti XY, individu tersebut adalah laki-laki. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, kromosom seks pria dan wanita tidak sama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga dikenal sebagai Allosom atau gonosom.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Berapa banyak untai DNA dalam krmosom</span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">Sebelum replikasi, ketika sel tidak membelah, satu kromosom memiliki satu molekul DNA (DNA double), setelah replikasi DNA, sebuah kromosom memiliki dua molekul DNA (dua DNA beruntai ganda).</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJki7RtdWKvPeRJm5LpL6Y_74msFdfasXkqYK-VsIkr_FPr8Ff3QaS-bkDiiOSH20Nf9d9fZkEaz7CtZMkXU6PwfBoqi50uwkh3VTrLP0PCaZrY4P8oFFNhBxPp2Px6EL1N9PDm-gS5R8/s529/22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="529" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJki7RtdWKvPeRJm5LpL6Y_74msFdfasXkqYK-VsIkr_FPr8Ff3QaS-bkDiiOSH20Nf9d9fZkEaz7CtZMkXU6PwfBoqi50uwkh3VTrLP0PCaZrY4P8oFFNhBxPp2Px6EL1N9PDm-gS5R8/s320/22.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Kita dapat mengatakan bahwa jumlah DNA meningkat setelah replikasi tetapi tidak ada peningkatan jumlah kromosom. </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Salinan identik yang membentuk dua bagian dari DNA yang direplikasi disebut sistem kromatid. </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahap akhir pembelahan sel, sister kromatid dipisahkan secara longitudinal untuk menghasilkan kromosom (terdiri atas satu lengan). </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Satu kromatid terdiri dari satu heliks DNA (dua untaian DNA yang dipilin secara spiral atau saling berhubungan). </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, 2 kromatid = 2 heliks = 4 untai DNA. </span><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, berapa banyak untaian yang dapat dimiliki kromosom tergantung pada tahap siklus sel.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>E. Komposisi kimia kromosom</b></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Komposisi kimia kromosom terdiri dari </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tiga komponen<b style="font-style: italic;">, DNA, protein dan RNA dalam jumlah kecil</b></span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jumlah DNA berkisar antara 30 sampai 40%, jumlah protein dari 50 sampai 65%, dan sejumlah kecil RNA dari 1 sampai 10% yang terbentuk selama transkripsi DNA. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, komposisi kimia ini dapat bervariasi dari organisme ke organisme.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein yang ada dalam DNA terdiri dari dua jenis </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">protein histon dan non-histon</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein histon terdapat dalam jumlah besar (90% dari total protein), sedangkan non-histon terdapat dalam jumlah kecil (sekitar 10% dari total protein). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Protein histon sangat basa, sedangkan DNA bersifat asam. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jadi, kebasaan dinetralkan oleh keasaman sehingga menimbulkan kromosom netral yang tidak memiliki keasaman atau kebasaan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA hadir dalam dua bentuk dalam kromosom; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Eukromatin dan Heterokromatin</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Eukromatin berarti </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromatin sejati</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena mengandung gen yang berfungsi atau yang mengkode sintesis protein. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Heterochromatin berarti </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kromatin palsu</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti namanya, itu tidak mengandung gen fungsional yang mampu mengkode sintesis protein.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Eukromatin adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA yang bernoda terang</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena agak longgar sehingga semua proses yang berkaitan dengan sintesis protein dapat berlangsung dengan mudah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sedangkan, heterokromatin adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: inter-bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 700;"><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">DNA bernoda gelap</span></span></em></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> karena padat.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><h3 class="h3" style="background-color: white; color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: justify;">Daftar Pustaka</h3><div>1. https://www.javatpoint.com/chromosome</div><div>2. https://www.genome.gov/27557513/the-y-chromosome-beyond-gender-determination</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><h3 class="h3" style="background-color: white; color: #610b4b; font-family: erdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: justify;"><br /></h3><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inter-regular, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-86835543312662828162021-09-04T19:43:00.001-07:002021-09-04T19:43:17.304-07:00Makanan Penambah Kekebalan Tubuh<h1 style="text-align: left;"> Makanan Penambah Kekebalan Tubuh</h1><h3 style="text-align: left;">Pendahuluan</h3><div><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Di tengah wabah COVID-19, pandemi tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang seberapa efektif tubuh melawan infeksi. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Secara alami, tubuh melawan infeksi dengan mengaktifkan respons imunnya yang mengaktifkan mekanisme kaskade dalam tubuh untuk menghilangkan patogen dari sistem.</span></span></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Definisi Kekebalan</span></span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Kekebalan adalah proses utama yang mempertahankan tubuh dari infeksi dan kadang-kadang, tubuh mungkin tidak dapat memperoleh respons yang cukup untuk menghilangkannya. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengonsumsi makanan penambah kekebalan tubuh untuk memperkuat tubuh terhadap infeksi musiman seperti kasus flu dan infeksi virus, kanker, radang sendi, alergi.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Terkadang, pada saat musim dingin atau flu, orang akan bertanya-tanya mengapa ada orang yang tidak tertular meski telah kontak dengan yang terinfeksi, mengingat flu dan pilek disebarkan oleh tetesan udara. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ya, itu karena beberapa orang memiliki sistem kekebalan yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan orang lain. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagaimana ini terjadi? </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ingat, sistem kekebalan adalah garis pertahanan pertama melawan antigen yang menyerang tubuh. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">jadi, dengan sistem kekebalan yang kuat, kemungkinan tertular beberapa penyakit lebih kecil tetapi tidak sepenuhnya.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Namun, perubahan pola makan dapat meningkatkan dan memperkuat kekebalan seseorang dengan sistem kekebalan yang lemah seperti orang dengan gangguan gaya hidup seperti diabetes hipertensi, beberapa penyakit defisiensi imun seperti HIV/AID, pasien yang mengalami penurunan kekebalan seperti mereka yang sedang menjalani pengobatan, dll. Kekebalan yang ditekan atau dikompromikan, penting bahwa individu tersebut didorong dan diberikan dengan makanan penambah kekebalan untuk memperkuat mereka sebagai reaksi terhadap unsur-unsur asing.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoTtnlPTAhoG3iCjiKkX3o6Al3ibu9XbS5o0ZGrntJKUJ7cST4Qfyxt5Bk2FMdayXrNVRBA6Lon3Hyv9YoVI0zZ7leOMZ8U_0G8YErGxfVt-T5nOXmZ5umpaErMidZCxXNmTmoHL7GAMA/s814/Untitled24.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="814" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoTtnlPTAhoG3iCjiKkX3o6Al3ibu9XbS5o0ZGrntJKUJ7cST4Qfyxt5Bk2FMdayXrNVRBA6Lon3Hyv9YoVI0zZ7leOMZ8U_0G8YErGxfVt-T5nOXmZ5umpaErMidZCxXNmTmoHL7GAMA/w400-h216/Untitled24.png" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;">Gambar 1: jenis-jenis imun Booster yang terkandung dalam makanan</p><h3><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bagaimana sistem kekebalan tubuh bekerja?</span></h3><p></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Sistem kekebalan adalah sistem pertahanan alami yang terdiri dari berbagai sel, jaringan, dan organ yang bekerja sama untuk mempertahankan tubuh dari unsur asing, yang dikenal sebagai </span></span><a href="https://microbenotes.com/glossary/antigen/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">antigen</span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Unsur-unsur asing ini termasuk bakteri, virus, jamur, dan parasit, yang menyebabkan infeksi pada tubuh yang membuat seseorang merasa atau menjadi sakit.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Benda asing ini ditemukan di berbagai lingkungan sehingga mereka dapat diperoleh dan ditularkan dalam beberapa cara lain. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tubuh yang sehat berarti sistem kekebalan yang sehat yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melindungi dirinya sendiri terhadap antigen ini. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tubuh secara alami memproduksi sel darah putih yang berperan penting dalam memproduksi sel imun untuk pertahanan tubuh. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tubuh juga memproduksi bahan kimia dan protein yang juga dapat menyerang dan menghilangkan antigen. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme pertahanan tubuh menemukan antigen dan menghilangkannya sebelum dapat bereplikasi dan menyebar.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Bergantung pada beban antigen, sistem kekebalan merespons dengan cepat dengan menghasilkan penanggap spesifik terhadap antigen dalam jumlah besar. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Efektivitas sistem kekebalan didukung oleh kemampuannya untuk mengenali jutaan antigen dan menghasilkan molekul kekebalan spesifik untuk memerangi antigen.</span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selain kemampuan untuk menyerang jutaan antigen, penting untuk meningkatkan kekebalan untuk </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: inherit;">bertindak kejam terhadap antigen. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: inherit;">Meningkatkan kekebalan berarti asupan atau konsumsi makanan tertentu yang memberikan manfaat tambahan bagi tubuh. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk meningkatkan kekebalan, penting untuk mengambil jenis makanan yang tepat dalam jumlah yang tepat.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa makanan yang memiliki vitamin C adalah penguat kekebalan yang sangat besar terutama untuk flu dan flu biasa.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Beberapa makanan yang meningkatkan kekebalan dan menawarkan banyak manfaat bagi tubuh meliputi.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. Bijikacang almond</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Almond adalah jenis buah kering yang banyak dikonsumsi untuk mencegah dan melawan pilek. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka berukuran kecil tetapi mengandung banyak nutrisi yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh, pulp seluruh tubuh terdiri dari vitamin dan mineral dan lemak sehat.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6DKYVDvVHvWa5CCSo1hnRuwy1oVKW044o7qyVQPrhVOWsmdswGagp38_-YQvmwu3cjWE3Xb60oaM__qFYkNiyX5ofwQMtAFvIiy5w3r-IYDNqSfWV_i9R3ovYTV0Up2gHUwQJiNaLEuM/s486/Untitled23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="486" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6DKYVDvVHvWa5CCSo1hnRuwy1oVKW044o7qyVQPrhVOWsmdswGagp38_-YQvmwu3cjWE3Xb60oaM__qFYkNiyX5ofwQMtAFvIiy5w3r-IYDNqSfWV_i9R3ovYTV0Up2gHUwQJiNaLEuM/s320/Untitled23.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar 2: Biji Kacang almond</div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Manfaat kacang almond antara lain:</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menurunkan tekanan darah</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mengontrol gula darah</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mengatur kadar kolesterol</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meningkatkan sembelit, gangguan pernapasan, dan anemia.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga membantu dalam perbaikan dan pertumbuhan rambut, penguatan kuku, dan kekuatan dan perawatan gigi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka memiliki Vitamin E dan C yang merupakan penguat kekebalan yang hebat</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kacang mengandung 5 gram karbohidrat yang mempertahankan tingkat rendah karbohidrat dalam makanan.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini kaya akan antioksidan yang mengatur radikal bebas yang mencegah infeksi, dengan efek anti-inflamasi, sifat meningkatkan kekebalan, dan efek anti-hepatotoksisitas.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Almond meningkatkan pergerakan makanan melalui usus besar, sehingga mencegah penumpukan dan kemungkinan kanker usus besar berikutnya.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kehadiran Vitamin E adalah antioksidan efektif yang mengurangi risiko penyakit jantung dan ditambah dengan magnesium mereka membantu mencegah serangan jantung.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Minyak almond adalah elemen nutrisi yang memberikan kesehatan dan fungsi yang baik dari sistem </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">saraf. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagai buah kering, mengandung riboflavin dan L-carnitine yang telah dikaitkan dengan peningkatan perkembangan dan aktivitas otak. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka direkomendasikan untuk anak-anak untuk membantu perkembangan otak. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga mengurangi risiko penyakit Alzheimer.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Vitamin, mineral, dan fosfor telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan dan penguatan tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Minyak almond digunakan untuk memijat dan memperbaiki penampilan kulit serta membalikkan tanda-tanda penuaan.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Almond dapat dikonsumsi dengan berbagai cara termasuk, menjadikan susu almond sebagai minuman bernutrisi yang lebih baik daripada susu; </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">dapat digunakan sebagai top-up dalam yogurt atau oatmeal; </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">menggiling kacang untuk membuat bubuk yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat mentega almond dengan menambahkan garam; </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">menaburkan bubuk almond dalam sayuran dan salad; </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">digunakan sebagai hiasan di piring dan pizza.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">2. Brokoli</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah sayuran yang kaya akan vitamin dan mineral serta serat.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka memiliki Vitamin A, C, dan E, dengan beberapa antioksidan, yang kemudian memenuhi syarat sebagai salah satu sayuran paling sehat.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Untuk memastikan Anda mendapatkan semua nutrisi dari brokoli, masak sebentar atau makan mentah.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;">3. Jeruk</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah makanan vitamin C yang terutama membantu dalam mengobati flu dan pilek.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka meningkatkan sistem kekebalan dengan meningkatkan produksi sel darah putih, yang merupakan elemen utama yang terlibat dalam melindungi dan melawan infeksi dalam tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Buah-buahan ini termasuk lemon, jeruk, limau, jeruk bali, jeruk keprok, dan clementine.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Namun, penting untuk mengkonsumsi buah jeruk setiap hari untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh secara terus menerus karena tubuh tidak memproduksi vitamin C secara alami.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka dapat dikonsumsi utuh atau mereka dapat diperas ke dalam makanan saat makan.</span></li></ul><div>4. Buah Buni</div><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah jenis pohon semak yang buah dan bunganya telah dipelajari dan dikenal karena manfaat kesehatannya selama berabad-abad. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Secara ilmiah dikenal sebagai </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Sambucus nigra.</span></span></em></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Telah digunakan untuk membuat sirup, selai, pewarna makanan, anggur, dan pelega tenggorokan.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ekstrak elderberry telah terbukti memiliki sifat antibakteri, antivirus, antikanker, dan antiinflamasi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini memiliki beberapa flavonoid.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Elderberry ditambahkan dalam sirup yang digunakan sebagai obat untuk pilek, flu, dan infeksi sinus bakteri. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengurangi pembengkakan selaput lendir.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menjadi tanaman yang membantu dalam pengelolaan flu, mungkin juga membantu dalam memberikan respons kekebalan yang lebih kuat terhadap COVID-19.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka memiliki efek pencahar.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga menurunkan kadar gula untuk pasien diabetes.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Umumnya, elderberry merangsang sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk menghasilkan elemen kekebalan yang melindungi tubuh dari agen asing</span></li></ul><div>Buah buni banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengatasi beberapa penyakit berikit</div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sakit kepala</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Demam</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sembelit</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Infeksi saluran pernapasan atas dan bawah</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nyeri sendi dan otot</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">kondisi ginjal</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">epilepsi</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kondisi kulit ringan</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menekankan</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Buah buni dapat menangkal dengan obat-obatan tertentu seperti diuretik, pencahar, steroid, kemoterapi, obat diabetes, dan teofilin/ oleh karena itu penting untuk memeriksakan diri ke dokter atau/dan apoteker jika Anda sedang dalam pengobatan sebelum mengonsumsi elderberry untuk mencegah interaksi yang dapat membahayakan tubuh.</div><div></div></div></div></span></div><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></p><div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5. Bawang Putih</span></div><div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bawang putih biasanya digunakan untuk memasak makanan untuk menambahkan sedikit tenaga pada makanan.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah suplemen paling populer yang terkenal karena kemampuannya untuk meningkatkan kekebalan.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Selama berabad-abad sekarang, bawang putih telah digunakan untuk mengelola infeksi superfisial dan sistemik. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini memiliki sifat antibakteri, antivirus dan antijamur.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Umbi bawang putih juga kaya akan antioksidan yang mengandung radikal bebas yang dapat meningkatkan pengobatan Alzheimer, kanker dan kondisi jantung antara lain. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">itu umumnya dikenal karena perannya dalam mengelola dan mengurangi gejala pilek dan flu.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Apalagi selama musim wabah COVID-19 ini, konsumsi bawang putih telah menjadi bagian penting dari diet kebanyakan orang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa orang yang mengonsumsi bawang putih dalam makanan mereka memiliki lebih sedikit kejadian pilek dan flu dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak meminumnya sama sekali atau mereka yang menggunakan obat bebas.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meski begitu, konsumsi bawang putih membantu mempersingkat masa infeksi flu dan pilek.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Juga telah didokumentasikan bahwa bawang putih membantu mengurangi tingkat berbagai jenis kanker misalnya, orang yang mengkonsumsi bawang putih telah mengurangi kasus kanker kolorektal, pankreas dan kanker hati. </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga memainkan peran utama dalam mengurangi tekanan darah dan pengurangan pengerasan arteri.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga merupakan obat pereda yang baik untuk rasa sakit kronis yang disebabkan oleh radang sendi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sifat meningkatkan kekebalan dari bawang putih adalah karena adanya konsentrasi tinggi senyawa yang mengandung belerang seperti allicin.</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">6. Jahe</span></span></div><div><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah umbi akar yang dikenal karena efek anti-peradangannya terhadap flu dan pilek, terutama ketika seseorang menderita sakit tenggorokan dan/atau penyakit radang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga mengurangi rasa mual.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jahe mengandung gingerol yang membantu mengurangi rasa sakit kronis dan juga menurunkan kadar kolesterol.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini memiliki beberapa antioksidan yang merupakan elemen anti-inflamasi dan penambah kekebalan yang sangat efektif. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Efek ini diaktifkan oleh mekanisme yang ditimbulkan oleh tubuh selama infeksi dimana, radikal bebas adalah tubuh yang menyebabkan stres oksidatif. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Radikal bebas ini bergabung dengan antioksidan yang dihasilkan oleh jahe menyebabkan efek anti-inflamasi dan sifat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Efek anti-inflamasi membantu melindungi tubuh terhadap radang sendi, kanker, gangguan neurodegeneratif, dan hipersensitivitas.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jahe juga telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri dan antivirus. </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jahe dapat dimakan dengan berbagai cara:</span></li><ul style="border: 0px; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menambahkan parutan jahe ke dalam teh panas atau cokelat</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jahe parut juga dapat ditambahkan ke kue kering saat memasak seperti muffin dan cupcakes, kue kering, dll</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dapat digunakan untuk memasak dan mengasinkan daging dan ayam dan sayuran juga.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dapat ditambahkan ke madu dan air panas/hangat.</span></li></ul></ul><div><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">7. Teh Hijau</span></span></div></div><div><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah jenis minuman herbal yang dikemas dengan flavonoid.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka adalah anti-oksidan alami, yang memiliki beberapa polifenol dengan sifat anti-inflamasi yang mencegah penuaan dini.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Antioksidan melindungi terhadap kerusakan sel yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit kronis.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga memiliki antioksidan umum yang dikenal sebagai epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG yang memiliki sifat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Teh hijau memiliki kafein dan L-theanine asam amino yang memberikan efek menenangkan, dengan mengoptimalkan fungsi otak dan meningkatkan memori, meningkatkan mood dan kinerja kognitif.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L-theanine juga membantu dalam produksi sel-T yang melawan kuman.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kemampuan teh hijau untuk melawan stres oksidatif juga membuatnya menjadi pelindung ampuh terhadap penyakit neurodegeneratif, termasuk penyakit Alzheimer dan penyakit Parkinson.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga membantu mengatur dan menjaga berat badan tetapi mengurangi kandungan kolesterol</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka adalah penguat kekebalan yang hebat karena mereka memiliki antioksidan</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka memiliki aktivitas anti-angiogenesis, oleh karena itu, mengurangi risiko kanker dan juga menghalangi penyebaran sel kanker. </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka membantu memperkuat kepadatan tulang dan perkembangan tulang mencegah terjadinya osteoartritis dan cacat degeneratif tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka membantu dalam menyeimbangkan kadar gula dan mengurangi gula darah pada penderita diabetes.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga menjaga tekanan darah dan mencegah serangan jantung dan stroke.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka melindungi kulit dari sinar ultraviolet sehingga mengurangi penuaan kulit.</span></li><div class="code-block code-block-8" style="border: 0px; clear: both; margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px;"><div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__300x250 __336x280" data-google-query-id="CMOSgubl5vICFQHwaAodLiQJNg" id="microbenotes_incontent_8" name="microbenotes_incontent_8" style="--height: 280px; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: calc(var(--height) + var(--fsAncillary)) !important; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 805px;"></div></div></ul></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">8. Kiwi</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terdiri dari beberapa nutrisi penting seperti Vitamin C, K, dan Kalium. </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Vitamin C meningkatkan sel darah putih untuk melawan infeksi dan nutrisi lainnya sangat penting untuk menjaga fungsi tubuh yang tepat.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">9. Jamur</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah jamur yang dapat dimakan, secara alami saprofit, memperoleh nutrisi mereka dari bahan mati tanaman dan hewan yang membusuk. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">mereka berasal dari keluarga </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Agaricus. </span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada lebih dari 14.000 varietas spesies jamur, yang bervariasi dalam ukuran, bentuk, warna, tekstur, dan sifat, tetapi hanya 9-10% dari jamur ini yang diketahui dan telah dipelajari manfaat kesehatannya. </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah jamur yang dapat dimakan, secara alami saprofit, memperoleh nutrisi mereka dari bahan mati tanaman dan hewan yang membusuk. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">mereka berasal dari keluarga </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Agaricus. </span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada lebih dari 14.000 varietas spesies jamur, yang bervariasi dalam ukuran, bentuk, warna, tekstur, dan sifat, tetapi hanya 9-10% dari jamur ini yang diketahui dan telah dipelajari manfaat kesehatannya.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jamur memiliki Vitamin B (riboflavin, folat, thiamin, dan Niacin) dalam jumlah tinggi, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Kalium, Magnesium, natrium, fosfor, kolin, kalsium, dan selenium yang sangat penting dalam meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mineral selenium memiliki sifat antikanker, antioksidan dan anti-inflamasi. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Oleh karena itu, keberadaan selenium dalam jamur merupakan implikasi pentingnya dalam mengurangi kanker seperti kanker paru-paru, kanker prostat, dan kanker payudara menurut National Cancer Institute.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Selenium juga mengurangi dan mencegah risiko penyakit jantung, dan penyakit tiroid. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, lebih banyak penelitian dan percobaan sedang dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi sifat-sifat ini.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kolin juga merupakan antioksidan yang dikenal untuk mengurangi risiko kanker prostat, penelitian telah membuktikan.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Jamur terkenal karena sifatnya yang meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka memiliki asam amino khusus yang dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">ergothioneine</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> , antioksidan yang sangat kuat yang memberikan perlindungan dari radikal bebas selama infeksi dan mereka juga meningkatkan kekebalan.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa jamur memiliki antibiotik alami yang menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba dan beberapa infeksi jamur. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">sifat antimikroba yang diproduksi secara alami ini juga meningkatkan kekebalan dengan merangsang dan mengatur responsnya.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jamur adalah karbohidrat kompleks (Polisakarida) yang juga memiliki efek meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sifat penting lainnya dari jamur meliputi:</span></li><ul style="border: 0px; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">menurunkan kadar kolesterol dengan menggunakan serat dan enzim untuk menyeimbangkan kadar kolesterol.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mereka adalah makanan rendah energi dan rendah karbohidrat yang ideal untuk diet individu diabetes</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mereka memiliki jumlah kalsium yang tinggi yang membantu dalam pertumbuhan tulang dan penguatan mencegah cacat tulang seperti osteoporosis dan degradasi tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kehadiran vitamin D membantu dalam penyerapan kalsium dan fosfor yang sangat penting bagi tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kehadiran agen antimikroba yang diproduksi secara alami oleh jamur membantu dalam penyembuhan sakit maag dan luka.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mereka memiliki potasium yang merupakan vasodilator alami sehingga memainkan peran utama dalam menurunkan tekanan darah sehingga mengurangi kondisi serangan jantung dan stroke.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">jamur juga merupakan suplemen folat yang baik yang dibutuhkan oleh ibu hamil untuk meningkatkan kesehatan janin.</span></li></ul></ul><div><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun memiliki semua manfaat tersebut, jamur diketahui juga memiliki efek samping seperti beberapa jamur jika tidak dipetik dengan baik, dapat menjadi racun yang menyebabkan gejala keracunan parah, mual, muntah, kram, kejang-kejang, koma, bahkan gila. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena itu, hindari menelan jamur yang berubah warna (busuk dan berspora) atau jamur berwarna.</span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Jamur bisa dimakan saat dimasak dan dibumbui dengan baik. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">mereka dapat dimakan dengan telur dadar, burger sayuran, sup sayuran, dan pizza.</span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Beberapa jamur yang dikenal sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh termasuk jamur ekor Turki, Maitake, dan Shiitake Mushrooms, Tremella Mushrooms.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10. pepaya</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></p><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah buah bergizi yang terdiri dari vitamin C dalam jumlah besar.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini memiliki enzim pencernaan yang disebut papain yang memiliki efek anti-inflamasi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Papain juga bertindak sebagai pencahar, mengurangi sembelit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga memiliki potasium, Vitamin B, dan folat yang memiliki sifat kesehatan positif secara keseluruhan.</span></li></ul><div>11. Jus Buah Delima</div></div><div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah semak yang menghasilkan buah merah. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Nama ilmiahnya adalah </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Punica granatum. </em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Manfaatnya telah dipelajari dan masih dipelajari dan di sini, saya akan mengutip beberapa manfaatnya.</span></div><div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Biji delima memiliki warna merah cerah yang diperoleh dari polifenol, antioksidan kuat yang 3 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan buah lain bahkan anggur merah dan teh hijau. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Antioksidan membantu menghilangkan radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel dan mengurangi peradangan.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Senyawa yang dihasilkan buah delima memiliki aktivitas antibakteri aktif terhadap </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">E.coli, Yersinia, salmonella, shigella, Clostridium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria. </span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri di mulut yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit periodontal, plak, dan gingivitis.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga memiliki aktivitas antivirus terhadap virus flu dan herpes.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga mendorong pertumbuhan flora usus yang bermanfaat yang meningkatkan kekebalan seperti </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Lactobacillus</span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Bifidobacterium.</span></span></em></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka kaya akan Vitamin C dengan satu buah delima yang memiliki sekitar 40% kandungan Vitamin C sehari. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Membuat jus dari biji delima memecah Vitamin C memberikan lebih banyak nutrisi.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penelitian awal baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahwa jus delima membantu menghentikan pertumbuhan sel kanker prostat dan mengurangi risiko kanker.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Antioksidan dalam jus delima memiliki antioksidan yang memperlambat perkembangan Alzheimer dan melindungi memori.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka mengurangi peradangan usus dan meningkatkan pencernaan karena itu bermanfaat bagi orang-orang dengan penyakit Crohn, kolitis ulserativa, dan penyakit usus. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika terjadi reaksi alergi yang </span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">menyebabkan diare, hindari mengonsumsi buah tersebut sampai buang air besar berhenti.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Flavonol yang ditemukan dalam jus delima menghambat peradangan yang menyebabkan dan meningkatkan kerusakan tulang rawan dan osteoartritis. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Lebih banyak penelitian sedang dilakukan sehubungan dengan perannya dalam osteoporosis arthritis dan radang sendi lainnya.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah buah jantung sehat yang melindungi jantung dan arterinya. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa jus delima meningkatkan aliran darah dan mencegah pengerasan pembuluh darah. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga mengurangi akumulasi kolesterol di arteri. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Tetapi perhatikan bahwa itu dapat mempengaruhi tekanan darah dan dapat bereaksi terhadap obat kolesterol.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Jus delima mengurangi tekanan darah sistolik yang meningkatkan kesehatan jantung dan mengurangi tekanan darah.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka adalah sumber folat, potasium, dan vitamin K yang sangat baik.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga merupakan penguat memori, setidaknya asupan 8 ons jus delima setiap hari meningkatkan pembelajaran dan memori.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga mengurangi risiko infertilitas pada wanita dan meningkatkan kadar testosteron pada pria dan wanita.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga digunakan sebagai obat untuk diabetes dengan mengurangi resistensi insulin dan menurunkan gula darah.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Delima dapat dikonsumsi dengan mencampur jus, ditambahkan ke jus lemon, menambahkan warna </span>pada salad buah dan membuat daging menjadi enak.</li></ul><div>12. Paprika merah</div><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cabai ini memiliki jumlah vitamin C dua kali lipat jumlah buah jeruk.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga memiliki beta karoten yang juga sangat efisien sebagai penguat kekebalan tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selain meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh, cabai merah juga berperan dalam menjaga kesehatan kulit dan penglihatan.</span></li></ul><div>13. Sayur Bayam</div></div><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah salah satu sayuran hijau terkaya, atau dikenal sebagai makanan super, yang dikenal kaya akan Vitamin A, C, serat, beta karoten, Magnesium, kalsium, zat besi dan beberapa antioksidan yang merupakan sifat yang meningkatkan kemampuan tubuh untuk melawan infeksi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah sayuran berdaun hijau gelap dengan manfaat kesehatan kulit, rambut dan tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sehat jika dimasak dengan api kecil/sedang (ringan) yang memungkinkan pelepasan Vitamin a dan asam oksalat dan untuk mengawetkan nutrisi nabati.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga nutrisi penting untuk memediasi proses pembelahan sel dan perbaikan DNA.</span></li></ul><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Manfaat bayam antara lain:</span></li><ul style="border: 0px; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mengandung antioksidan seperti asam alfa-lipoat yang menurunkan kadar glukosa, meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan mencegah stres oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh efek diabetes.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> Asam alfa-lipoat juga menurunkan neuropati perifer pada penderita diabetes. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Asam alfa-lipoat dapat disiapkan sebagai suplemen oral dengan manfaat yang sama.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ketika dikonsumsi mentah atau dimasak sebentar, ia mempertahankan pigmen klorofil, yang manfaatnya telah dipelajari pada hewan dan salah satunya adalah memblokir/mencegah efek karsinogenik amina heterosiklik.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">kehadiran beta-karoten mengurangi risiko asma, terutama pada anak-anak.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">kombinasi zat besi dan vitamin K memperkuat tulang mencegah patah tulang dan cacat tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">bayam memiliki jumlah serat (serat) yang cukup yang mencegah sembelit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">vitamin A yang diproduksi oleh bayam mencegah jerawat dan abrasi kulit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Vitamin C juga berkontribusi pada produksi kolagen yang penting dalam memperkuat rambut dan juga pertumbuhan rambut dan penyembuhan lecet kulit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">zat besi penting dalam produksi sel darah merah menjaga kadar darah mencegah perkembangan anemia.</span></li></ul></ul><div><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Konsumsi bayam yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan akumulasi kalium yang dapat merusak ginjal yang kurang berkembang.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Bayam dapat disiapkan dengan beberapa cara; </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">saus bayam-artichoke, bayam krim, lasagna bayam, bayam tumis bawang putih, dan kulit pasta isi bayam dan keju.</span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">14. Kunyit</span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah bahan yang sangat umum yang berwarna kuning, dengan uji pahit yang terkenal menggunakan efek anti-inflamasi.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini digunakan sebagai bumbu dan sebagai tanaman obat. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Kunyit adalah makanan yang sangat bergizi terutama digunakan sebagai suplemen. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga memiliki manfaat besar bagi perkembangan tubuh dan otak.</span></span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></p><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kurkumin adalah bahan aktif utama dalam kunyit dengan sifat anti-inflamasi yang kuat, yang menghambat peradangan pada tingkat molekuler.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Curcumin juga meningkatkan perkembangan otak, meningkatkan fungsi otak dan mengurangi risiko penyakit otak </span></span><span style="background-color: #d5d5d5; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga antioksidan yang sangat kuat yang mengurangi penuaan kulit dan pencegahan penyakit dengan menghalangi radikal bebas.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka memiliki jumlah kurkumin yang tinggi yang berkontribusi untuk mengurangi kerusakan otot yang disebabkan oleh olahraga.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini digunakan untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit yang disebabkan oleh osteoarthritis dan rheumatoid arthritis.</span></li></ul><div>15. Yogurth</div></div></div></div><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Yoghurt yang baik dan bermanfaat memiliki kultur hidup dan aktif yang merangsang sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk membantu melawan penyakit. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah produk susu fermentasi yang dibuat dari susu dengan tambahan probiotik dan gula atau/dan bakteri perasa. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Selama fermentasi bakteri, asam laktat diproduksi yang membuat protein susu mengental menghasilkan tekstur dan rasa yang unik.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Telah dikonsumsi selama ratusan tahun, telah terbukti sangat bergizi, dan penambah kekebalan yang </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">hebat yang melawan penyakit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini adalah sumber Vitamin D yang bagus, yang mengatur sistem kekebalan tubuh dan meningkatkan mekanisme pertahanan alami terhadap penyakit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka dapat diambil tanpa pemanis atau dibumbui. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Yoghurt tanpa pemanis adalah yang terbaik yang dapat dicampur dengan buah-buahan dan madu untuk diuji. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Yoghurt polos tanpa pewarna tambahan adalah cairan putih kental dengan rasa tajam.</span></span></span></li></ul><div>Manfaat yogurth</div></div><div><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">mereka mengandung kalsium, mineral yang sangat penting untuk pertumbuhan gigi, dan tulang. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Secangkir yogurt menawarkan setidaknya 49% kalsium.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ini juga tinggi vitamin B, terutama vitamin B12 dan riboflavin, yang keduanya dapat melindungi terhadap penyakit jantung dan cacat lahir tabung saraf tertentu.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Dosis harian yogurt memberikan 38% fosfor, 12% untuk magnesium dan 18% untuk kalium. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mineral ini mengatur tekanan darah, kesehatan tulang, dan metabolisme tubuh.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka telah diperkaya Vitamin D yang meningkatkan kesehatan tulang dan sistem kekebalan tubuh mengurangi risiko penyakit seperti penyakit jantung dan depresi.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Yogurt mengandung sekitar 200 gram protein yang berperan besar dalam meningkatkan metabolisme energi. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">mereka juga mengatur nafsu makan dan menunda rasa lapar karena mereka juga meningkatkan produksi hormon.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa yogurt memiliki bakteri hidup ( </span></span><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Bifidobacteria</span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) atau probiotik yang berkontribusi besar untuk mengurangi Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) gangguan pada usus besar. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga mengurangi kembung.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Probiotik, vitamin, dan mineral yogurt adalah penguat kekebalan yang hebat yang mencegah penyakit </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">tertentu.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mereka juga memiliki fosfor dan Vitamin D, yang meningkatkan kepadatan tulang, mengurangi risiko osteoporosis dan penyembuhan patah tulang.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga membantu dalam manajemen berat badan dengan meningkatkan nafsu makan dan mengurangi produksi hormon untuk YY dan GLP-1ogurt memiliki beberapa sifat yang dapat membantu dengan manajemen berat badan. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Konsumsi yogurt dikaitkan dengan berat badan yang lebih rendah, persentase lemak yang lebih sedikit, dan lingkar pinggang.</span></span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Ini juga mengurangi risiko pengembangan obesitas karena tingkat kalori yang rendah.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div></div><div><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Makanan lain yang menawarkan khasiat yang sangat bermanfaat bagi tubuh termasuk daging putih seperti ikan, unggas, kerang</span></div><div><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ul style="border: 0px; font-weight: 400; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Daging putih memiliki sejumlah besar Vitamin B6 yang memainkan peran penting dalam pembentukan sel darah merah baru</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">biji bunga matahari digunakan untuk produksi minyak goreng, yang memiliki fosfor, magnesium, Vit B dan Vit E yang merupakan antioksidan kuat dan semuanya mengatur dan memelihara sistem kekebalan tubuh.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Minyak alpukat dan alpukat memiliki Vitamin E yang merupakan penguat kekebalan dan membantu memperkuat kolagen untuk perbaikan rambut dan kulit.</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">kerang memiliki jumlah tinggi Zinc yang merupakan penguat kekebalan dan mereka memiliki mineral dan vitamin yang membantu menjaga sistem kekebalan tubuh. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Kerang memiliki banyak varietas termasuk kepiting, kerang, lobster, dan remis.</span></span></span></li></ul><div>Kesimpulan</div><div><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penting untuk dicatat bahwa semua obat makanan ini dapat dikonsumsi untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan sistem kekebalan terhadap berbagai infeksi dan penyakit dan untuk membantu mengelola beberapa penyakit serta meringankan tanda dan gejala tertentu yang disebabkan oleh penyakit.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Dianjurkan untuk secara teratur makan suplemen ini untuk menurunkan risiko infeksi dan penyakit. </span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: inherit;">Makan </span></span></span>dengan benar untuk melindungi tubuh Anda.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;">Referemsi</p><ol style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/foods-that-boost-the-immune-system#citrus</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-boost-your-immune-system" rel="noopener noreferrer noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-boost-your-immune-system</a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://healthcareinamerica.us/for-a-stronger-immunity-natural-ways-to-boost-the-immune-system-d7aba9ae599b</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.onhealth.com/content/1/immune_system_boosting_foods</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/how-use-your-immune-system-stay-healthy#1</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.eatright.org/health/wellness/preventing-illness/protect-your-health-with-immune-boosting-nutrition</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.webmd.com/diet/elderberry-health-benefits</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.healthyeating.org/Healthy-Eating/All-Star-Foods/Vegetables/Article-Viewer/article/91/health-benefits-of-broccoli</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://organicfacts.net/health-benefits/vegetables/health-benefits-of-mushrooms.html </span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/278858#benefits</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/270609#risks</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.health.com/food/benefits-green-tea</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://mydietgoal.com/spinach</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://organicfacts.net/seed-and-nuts/turmeric</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/top-10-evidence-based-health-benefits-of-turmeric#section4</span></li></ol></div></span></div></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="code-block code-block-1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px;"><div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__300x250 __336x280" data-google-query-id="CP_fvODh5vICFYsNaAodI6ECaA" id="microbenotes_incontent_1" name="microbenotes_incontent_1" style="--height: 280px; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: calc(var(--height) + var(--fsAncillary)) !important; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 805px;"></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-61448693624461530732021-08-11T04:09:00.001-07:002021-08-11T05:50:35.105-07:00SEJARAH ENZIM<h1 style="text-align: left;"> SEJARAH ENZIM</h1><div><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-family: Rubik, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagaimana Sejarah Enzim?</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim adalah katalis biologis. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim mempercepat reaksi kimia. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim mengubah substrat menjadi molekul berbeda (produk). </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Hampir semua proses metabolisme di dalam sel terjadi dengan kecepatan yang tinggi untuk dapat menopang proses-proses fisiologis kehidupan dibantu oleh enzim. Oleh sebab itu p</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">roses metabolisme sangat bergantung pada enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #757575;">Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang enzim disebut </span><span style="color: #ea9999;">enzimologi </span><span style="color: #757575;">dan cabang ilmu baru yaitu</span><b style="color: #757575;"> analisis enzim semu </b><span style="color: #757575;">baru-baru ini berkembang, mengemukakan bahwa selama evolusi, beberapa enzim telah kehilangan kemampuan untuk melakukan proses kimia biologis, yang sering tercermin dalam urutan asam amino dan sesuatu yang tidak biasa terjadi. sifat 'katalitik semu'.</span></span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim mampu mengubah 5000 jenis reaksi biokimia. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar enzim adalah protein, meskipun beberapa diantaranya adalah molekul RNA katalitik yang</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #757575;"> disebut </span><span style="color: red;">ribozim</span><span style="color: #757575;">. </span></span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Spesifisitas enzim berasal dari struktur tiga dimensinya yang unik.</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim mengkonversi substrat menjadi produk kali lebih cepat. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #757575;">Contoh ekstrim adalah </span><span style="color: #ea9999;">enzim orotidine 5′-fosfat, </span><span style="color: #757575;">yang memungkinkan reaksi memakan waktu jutaan tahun terjadi dalam milidetik. </span></span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Secara kimia, enzim bertindak sebagai katalis, tidak menjadi bagian dari produk, juga tidak mengubah kesetimbangan reaksi. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim memposisikan diri sebagai katalis alternatif dengan dengan sifat spesifiknya. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktivitas enzim akan </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ea9999; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">terganggu</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"> oleh molekul alternatif yaitu </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">inhibitor,</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"> yang menurunkan aktivitas protein enzim, dan </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">aktivator </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">yang meningkatkan aktivitas enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Banyak obat terapeutik dan racun adalah penghambat enzim</b>. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktivitas enzim menurun di luar suhu dan pH optimalnya</span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">, dan banyak enzim (secara permanen) terdenaturasi ketika terkena panas yang sangat tinggi,</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa enzim digunakan secara komersial, contoh, dalam sintesis antibiotik. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #757575;">Beberapa barang belanjaan rumah menggunakan enzim untuk mempercepat reaksi kimia seperti enzim dalam </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">bubuk detergen</span><span style="color: #757575;"> yang memecah molekul pati, atau noda lemak pada pakaian.</span></span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #757575;">Ahli kimia Prancis </span><span style="color: #660000;">Anselme Payen</span><span style="color: #757575;"> adalah orang pertama yang menemukan protein diastase, pada tahun 1833. Beberapa dekade kemudian, setelah mempelajari fermentasi gula menjadi alkohol oleh ragi, </span><span style="color: #660000;">Louis Pasteur</span><span style="color: #757575;"> menyimpulkan bahwa proses fermentasi disebabkan oleh kekuatan vital yang terkandung di dalam sel ragi disebut sebagai "fermentasi", yang bekerja hanya pada organisme.</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1877, ilmuwan kehidupan Jerman Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) awalnya menggunakan istilah protein, yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani, "beragi" atau "dalam ragi", untuk menggambarkan proses fermentasi. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Kata protein kemudian digunakan untuk enzim, dan oleh karena itu kata fermentasi digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas kimia yang dilakukan oleh organisme.</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Eduard Buchner mengajukan makalah tentang studi ekstrak ragi pada tahun 1897. Dalam serangkaian percobaan di Universitas Berlin, ia menemukan bahwa gula difermentasi oleh ekstrak ragi bahkan ketika tidak ada sel ragi hidup dalam campurannya. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis protein yang menyebabkan fermentasi disakarida oleh Buchner disebut "zymase". </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1907, ia menerima kehormatan di bidang Kimia untuk "penemuannya fermentasi non-seluler" dan menjadi bukti dari sejarah enzim.</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Identitas kimia organik enzim masih belum diketahui dalam desennium awal. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak ilmuwan menentukan bahwa aktivitas enzim terkait dengan protein, tokoh lain (Pemenang Hadiah Nobel Richard Willstätter) berpendapat bahwa protein hanyalah pembawa enzim aktual dan bahwa protein itu sendiri tidak mampu mengkatalisis. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1926, James B. Sumner menunjukkan bahwa enzim katalis adalah makromolekul murni dan </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">melakukan hal yang sama seperti enzim. Kesimpulan bahwa protein murni merupakan enzim secara definitif disepakati oleh ahli biokimia John Howard dan Wendell Meredith Stanley, yang bekerja pada enzim pencernaan pepsin (1930), tripsin dan kimotripsin. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">3 ilmuwan ini dianugerahi hadiah nobel dalam bidang kimia tahun 1946.</span></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Sejarah enzim menemukan bahwa enzim dapat dikristalisasi yang memungkinkan strukturnya diketahui dengan sinar-x. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Penemuan enzim lainnya yaitu lisozim seperti enzim yang ditemukan dalam air mata, air liur dan putih telur yang mencerna lapisan beberapa bakteri; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">enzim-enzim ini ditemukan oleh kelompok peneliti yang dipimpin oleh David Chilton Phillips dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1965. Penemuan ini menandai awal dari bidang biologi struktural dan upaya untuk memahami bagaimana enzim bekerja pada tingkat atom.</span></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Konvensi Penamaan</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Nama enzim biasanya berasal dari substratnya atau perubahan kimia yang dikatalisisnya, dengan kata yang diakhiri dengan -ase. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Contohnya adalah laktase, alkohol dehidrogenase, dan DNA polimerase. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim yang berbeda yang mengkatalisis perubahan kimia identik disebut sebagai isozim.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Persatuan Internasional ilmu kimia dan biologi telah mengembangkan bahasa untuk enzim, nomor EC; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">setiap akselerator diwakili oleh urutan 4 angka yang didahului oleh "EC", yang merupakan singkatan dari "Enzyme Commission". </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Varietas pertama secara garis besar mengklasifikasikan katalis yang didukung mekanismenya.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Klasifikasi tingkat atas adalah:</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 1, Oxidoreductases: mengkatalisis reaksi oksidasi/reduksi</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 2, Transferase: mentransfer gugus fungsi (misalnya gugus metil atau fosfat)</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 3, Hidrolase: mengkatalisis reaksi berbagai macam ikatan</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 4, Liase: memutuskan banyak ikatan dengan cara selain dari reaksi dan reaksi kimia</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 5, Isomerase: mengkatalisis perubahan isomerisasi di dalam satu molekul</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>EC 6, Ligase: menjadi bagian dari 2 molekul dengan ikatan valensi.</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian-bagian ini dibagi dengan opsi yang berbeda seperti substrat, produk, dan perubahan kimia. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim sepenuhnya ditentukan oleh empat penunjukan numerik. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, heksokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) adalah transferase (EC 2) yang menambahkan gugus fosfat (EC 2.7) ke gula heksosa, molekul yang mengandung gugus alkohol (EC 2.7.1).</span></b></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim biasanya protein bulat, bertindak sendiri atau dalam kompleks yang lebih besar. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Urutan asam amino menentukan struktur yang berturut-turut menentukan aktivitas proses kimia katalis. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun struktur menentukan untuk beroperasi, aktivitas protein yang unik tetap tidak dapat diramalkan dari struktur saja. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur enzim terbuka (denaturasi) setelah dipanaskan atau terkena denaturan kimia dan gangguan pada struktur ini umumnya menyebabkan hilangnya aktivitas. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Denaturasi enzim secara tradisional umumnya sering dihubungkan dengan suhu di atas tingkat normal spesies; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">akibatnya, enzim dari bakteri yang hidup di lingkungan vulkanik seperti mata air panas dihargai oleh pengguna industri karena kemampuannya untuk beroperasi pada suhu tinggi, memungkinkan reaksi yang dikatalisis oleh enzim untuk dioperasikan pada tingkat yang sangat tinggi.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim biasanya jauh lebih besar daripada substratnya. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Ukuran bervariasi dari hanya enam puluh dua residu asam aminoalkanoat, untuk monomer tautomerase 4-oksalokrotonat, hingga lebih dari 2.500 residu dalam sintase asam lemak hewani. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Hanya sebagian kecil strukturnya (sekitar 2–4 asam amino) yang secara langsung terlibat dalam katalisis: situs web proses kimia. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Situs katalitik ini terletak di sebelah satu atau lebih situs pengikatan di mana residu mengarahkan substrat. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses kimia {situs} dan situs pengikatan bersama terdiri dari situs enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar struktur katalis yang tersisa berfungsi untuk menjaga orientasi dan dinamika situs yang tepat.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam beberapa enzim, tidak ada asam amino yang secara langsung terlibat dalam katalisis; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">sebaliknya, enzim mengandung situs untuk mengikat dan mengarahkan kofaktor katalitik. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur enzim tambahan dapat mengandung situs alosterik di mana pengikatan molekul rendah kecil menyebabkan perubahan konformasi yang akan meningkatkan atau menurunkan aktivitas.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Sejumlah kecil katalis biologis berbasis RNA yang disebut sebagai ribozim ada, yang sekali lagi dapat bertindak sendiri atau dalam kompleks dengan protein. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Yang paling umum adalah ribosom yang merupakan kompleks protein dan komponen RNA katalitik.</span></b></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme</span></h2><h4 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Pengikatan Substrat</span></h4><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim harus mengikat substratnya sebelum mengkatalisis perubahan kimia apa pun. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim biasanya sangat spesifik untuk substrat apa yang mereka ikat dan kemudian reaksi kimia yang dikatalisis. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Spesifisitas dicapai dengan mengikat kantong dengan bentuk komplementer, muatan dan karakteristik hidrofilik/hidrofobik ke substrat. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim akan membedakan antara molekul substrat yang sangat mirip menjadi kemoselektif, regioselektif, dan stereospesifik.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa enzim yang menunjukkan spesifisitas dan akurasi terbaik berkaitan dengan pengulangan dan ekspresi ordo. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa dari enzim ini memiliki mekanisme “pembacaan bukti”. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Di sini, katalis asosiasi seperti enzim DNA mengkatalisis reaksi di awal dan memeriksa bahwa produk tersebut benar dalam langkah kedua. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode dansa ballroom ini menghasilkan tingkat kesalahan rata-rata hanya satu kesalahan dalam seratus juta reaksi dalam polimerase kelas hi-fi. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme proofreading serupa juga ditemukan dalam enzim polimer, sintetase aminoasil tRNA, dan ribosom.</span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebaliknya, beberapa katalis menunjukkan aktivitas seksual enzim, memiliki spesifisitas yang luas dan bekerja pada berbagai substrat yang relevan secara fisiologis. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak enzim memiliki aktivitas aspek kecil yang untungnya muncul (yaitu secara netral), yang mungkin menjadi titik awal untuk seleksi evolusioner dari fungsi baru.</span></b></span></p><h4 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Model "Kunci Dan Kunci"</span></h4><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk menjelaskan spesifisitas enzim yang ditemukan, pada tahun 1894 Emil Fischer memproyeksikan bahwa setiap protein dan juga substrat memiliki bentuk geometris komplementer spesifik yang cocok satu sama lain. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini biasanya dikatakan sebagai model "gembok dan kunci". </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Model awal ini menjelaskan spesifisitas protein tetapi gagal menjelaskan stabilisasi keadaan transisi yang dicapai enzim.</span></b></span></p><h4 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Model “Induced Fit”</span></h4><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada tahun 1958, Daniel Koshland merekomendasikan modifikasi model gembok dan kunci: karena enzim memiliki struktur yang agak serbaguna, situs aktif terus menerus dibentuk kembali oleh interaksi dengan substrat saat substrat berinteraksi dengan enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Akibatnya, substrat tidak hanya mengikat ke situs aktif yang kaku; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">rantai samping asam amino yang membentuk situs aktif dibentuk ke posisi yang tepat yang mengubah protein untuk melakukan proses kimianya. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam beberapa kasus, seperti glikosidase, molekul substrat juga sedikit berubah bentuk saat memasuki situs aktif. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Situasi terus berubah sampai substrat benar-benar yakin, pada titik mana bentuk akhir dan distribusi muatan ditentukan.</span></b></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Katalisis</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Enzim akan mempercepat reaksi dengan berbagai cara yang kesemuanya menurunkan energi aktivasi (ΔG‡, energi bebas Gibbs)</b></span></p><ul style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 23px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Dengan menstabilkan keadaan transisi:</b></span></li></ul><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Menciptakan lingkungan AN dengan distribusi muatan yang melengkapi keadaan transisi untuk menurunkan energinya</b></span></span></p><ul style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 23px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Dengan menyediakan jalur reaksi alternatif:</b></span></li></ul><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Bereaksi sementara dengan substrat, membentuk zat antara valensi untuk memasok keadaan transisi energi yang lebih rendah </b></span></span></p><ul style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 23px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Dengan mendestabilisasi keadaan dasar substrat:</b></span></li></ul><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Mendistorsi substrat terikat ke bentuk keadaan transisinya untuk mengurangi energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai keadaan transisi</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Dengan mengorientasikan substrat ke dalam pengaturan yang produktif untuk mengurangi perubahan entropi reaksi (kontribusi mekanisme ini terhadap aksi kimia relatif kecil)</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim dapat menggunakan beberapa mekanisme ini secara bersamaan. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, protease seperti tripsin melakukan katalisis kovalen menggunakan triad katalitik, menstabilkan penumpukan muatan pada keadaan transisi menggunakan lubang oxyanion, hidrolisis lengkap menggunakan substrat air yang berorientasi.</span></b></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Dinamika</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim tampaknya tidak kaku, struktur statis; </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">sebaliknya mereka memiliki gerakan dinamis internal yang kompleks – yaitu, gerakan bagian dari struktur enzim seperti residu asam amino individu, kelompok residu yang membentuk loop makromolekul atau unit struktur sekunder, atau bahkan seluruh domain protein. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan-gerakan ini membentuk ensemble konformasi dari struktur yang sedikit berbeda yang saling berkonversi pada kesetimbangan. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Keadaan yang berbeda dalam ansambel ini juga dapat dikaitkan dengan aspek yang sama sekali berbeda dari kinerja enzim AN. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, konformasi yang sama sekali berbeda dari ukuran persegi enzim dihidrofolat protein terkait dengan langkah-langkah pengikatan substrat, katalisis, pelepasan kofaktor, dan pelepasan produk dari siklus katalitik.</span></b></span></p><h2 style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Modulasi Alosterik</span></h2><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: arial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Situs alosterik kantong ukuran persegi pada protein, berbeda dari situs aktif, yang mengikat molekul di lingkungan seluler. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Molekul-molekul ini kemudian menyebabkan perubahan konformasi atau dinamika enzim yang ditransduksi ke situs aktif dan dengan demikian mempengaruhi laju reaksi enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan cara ini, interaksi alosterik dapat menghambat atau mengaktifkan enzim. </span><span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: inherit;">Interaksi alosterik dengan metabolit hulu atau hilir dalam jalur metabolisme enzim AN menyebabkan regulasi umpan balik, memperbaiki aktivitas protein dalam langkah dengan fluks melalui sisa jalur.</span></b></span></p></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-26789289677975127242021-07-25T21:40:00.051-07:002021-07-26T06:10:32.948-07:00GERAK PADA TUMBUHAN<h1 style="text-align: left;">GERAK PADA TUMBUHAN</h1><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerak pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi (spermatophyta) ditunjukkan dalam bentuk pembengkokan, pemuntiran, dan pemanjangan bagian atau organ tumbuhan tertentu.</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><strong>Gerakan spontan: </strong><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> Gerak pada tumbuhan yang terjadi secara spontan, tanpa rangsangan eksternal. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan-gerakan ini digambarkan sebagai gerakan spontan atau otonom.</span></span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><strong>Gerak terinduksi</strong><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> : Gerak tumbuhan disebabkan sebagai tanggapan terhadap rangsangan tertentu dan disebut gerak terinduksi atau gerak tumbuhan yang berlangsung secara spontan, tanpa adanya iritabilitas dan kepekaan protoplasma.</span></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="color: #403b34; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ada tiga jenis gerakan otonom berikut: -</span></span><br /></span></li></ul><ol style="color: #403b34; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerak lokomosi</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan pertumbuhan dan pembengkokan bagian tanaman</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan acak atau tidak beraturan</span></span></span></li></ol><div><br /></div><ul style="color: #403b34; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerak paratonik (gerak yang dipengaruhi oleh rangsang) dibedakan atas: -</span></span><br /></span></li></ul><ol style="color: #403b34; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan tropis </span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan taktik</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan nastik</span><br /></li></ol></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #000066; font-size: medium;">A. GERAKAN OTONOMI ATAU SPONTAN</span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; font-family: Tahoma; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ol style="color: #403b34; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside decimal; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Gerakan lokomosi: </strong></span></li></ol><ul style="color: #403b34; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerak seluruh bagian tubuh tumbuhan atau organ atau materi di dalam sel tumbuhan yang terjadi sebagai respons terhadap faktor-faktor bawaan, berupa gerakan bebas dan spontan. </span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh: Gerak cyclosis (gerak aliran protoplasma), gerakan osilasi </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em style="line-height: 14.95px; position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Oscillatoria, </span></span></em><span style="line-height: 14.95px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Motilitas </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 14px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">zoospora.</span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_TCTN7r83-8dou_iHBkTHge-veAjOAoru5jBPNfJl1cuqpgLnJpPDcWgDns3-lJOzRgyfzELLJeYyWJE052bDqIvfqbYHfZbSfS4uee3kM4gSTEYx0A70SX1pdDotH4CIKCJBWYx5J9Y/s350/20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="328" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_TCTN7r83-8dou_iHBkTHge-veAjOAoru5jBPNfJl1cuqpgLnJpPDcWgDns3-lJOzRgyfzELLJeYyWJE052bDqIvfqbYHfZbSfS4uee3kM4gSTEYx0A70SX1pdDotH4CIKCJBWYx5J9Y/w301-h320/20.png" width="301" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha4_KXhF1qEZgD_zI1IJeLlRGjkkQjARRPIk5fGBPJslN452NInsKFSVcHLzb3m22GqSzUyHNkZeUTVJUNqhUA7iVdbWhKREA5GUKHV_FmVX5niF7YzQG3szUjE8Z4R5GrmD2LVrNYsME/s404/19.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="404" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha4_KXhF1qEZgD_zI1IJeLlRGjkkQjARRPIk5fGBPJslN452NInsKFSVcHLzb3m22GqSzUyHNkZeUTVJUNqhUA7iVdbWhKREA5GUKHV_FmVX5niF7YzQG3szUjE8Z4R5GrmD2LVrNYsME/w320-h285/19.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlnzBTnTk0oRnkS1AjHXAkT7mkZfHFQ1W8hdzCWdduCX9Z1mAdeAo9UqIbDWAmeAG_1dQPzxw8BGZpyAD2bq0ugv1NZ8We7umvmMeXEq8h3xlJmTBhJembmoru3KLMPvCldyW4kg1RdE/s402/18.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="402" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIlnzBTnTk0oRnkS1AjHXAkT7mkZfHFQ1W8hdzCWdduCX9Z1mAdeAo9UqIbDWAmeAG_1dQPzxw8BGZpyAD2bq0ugv1NZ8We7umvmMeXEq8h3xlJmTBhJembmoru3KLMPvCldyW4kg1RdE/w320-h200/18.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /></span></div></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;"><div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;"><table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 905px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody"><tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 352.862px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 265.362px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 196.775px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">2. Gerak pertumbuhan dan pembengkokan :</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan-gerakan ini disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan yang tidak merata di berbagai sisi organ. </span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan ini dibedakan atas 2 gerakan yaitu -</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A) Nutasi: </span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sisi organ pendukung yang bersentuhan dengan penyangga tumbuh lebih lambat daripada sisi yang berlawanan, sehingga </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">menghasilkan kelengkungan yang membantu organ pendukung dalam membentuk spiral di sekitar dukungan.</span></span></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">B) Nastik :</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> Pergerakan ini terjadi karena perbedaan laju pertumbuhan pada dua permukaan organ tumbuhan yang berlawanan. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bila gerakan tersebut terjadi karena pertumbuhan yang lebih cepat pada permukaan atas organ disebut gerakan <b>epinastik</b> dan bila pada permukaan bawah organ yang sedang tumbuh disebut gerakan <b>hiponastik</b>. </span></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh: Pembukaan kuncup bunga dan daun melengkung ke atas seperti mangkuk adalah contoh yang baik dari gerakan nastik.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dTljaIVseTc" width="320" youtube-src-id="dTljaIVseTc"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgie2KmgVMLiBoxxlnjCDsQAMAbY7yN__v8cL45tYqpEXzs0_GwCjqSkMudS0fHsroLrFdzjWkmG6yBnhaSeQ5wji5I60hxCjI8VwXlWfGGbL26G9t5uKM9qqhUWxIrmeH9oiu-EFnKc88/s672/23.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="672" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgie2KmgVMLiBoxxlnjCDsQAMAbY7yN__v8cL45tYqpEXzs0_GwCjqSkMudS0fHsroLrFdzjWkmG6yBnhaSeQ5wji5I60hxCjI8VwXlWfGGbL26G9t5uKM9qqhUWxIrmeH9oiu-EFnKc88/s320/23.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;"><div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;"><table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 905px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody"><tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 488.575px;"><div class="wsite-video"><div class="wsite-video-wrapper wsite-video-height-282 wsite-video-align-center" style="margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; width: 501px;" title="Video: nutation_249.mp4"><div class="wsite-video-container" id="wsite-video-container-518683874881295051" style="background: none; height: 0px; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 274.812px; padding-top: 30px; position: relative;"><br /><div class="video-js-holder" style="background-color: transparent; height: 304.812px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 488.575px;"><div class="video-js vjs-big-play-centered vjs-paused vjs-controls-enabled vjs-user-inactive" id="video-518683874881295051" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: ProximaNova, "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10px; height: 282px; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle; width: 501px;"><div class="vjs-text-track-display" style="bottom: 4em; left: 1em; position: absolute; right: 1em; text-align: center;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 356.425px;"><div><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>3. Variasi gerakan</strong></span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan-gerakan ini terjadi karena variasi periodik dalam turgiditas sel-sel organ Tumbuhan. </span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh tanaman </span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Desmodium gyrans</span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, gerakan berirama dari tangkai daun naik dan turun. </span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tangkai daun secara berkala turun dan naik. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan adanya sel-sel motorik besar berdinding tipis di dasar helaian daun. </span></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika sel-sel ini kehilangan air helaian daun terkulai, dan ketika mereka mendapatkan kembali air, mereka menjadi turgid dan helaian daun dalam posisi tegak.</span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/7100618.jpg?349" style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px !important; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #330099; font-size: medium;">B. GERAKAN PARATONIC ATAU TERINDUKSI</span><br /></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: #cc33cc;">1. GERAKAN TROPIS :</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan pertumbuhan, yang terjadi sebagai respons terhadap rangsangan eksternal searah & mengakibatkan posisi bagian tanaman ke arah rangsangan, dikatakan sebagai gerakan tropik.</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tergantung pada sifat rangsangan, gerakan-gerakan ini adalah jenis berikut: -</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">A. Fototropisme</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">B. Geotropisme</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">C. Hidrotropisme</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">D. Kemotropisme</span><br /></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A. Fototropisme: </span></span></strong><br /></span><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan kelengkungan ini terjadi ketika tanaman diberi cahaya buatan atau alami hanya dari satu arah. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Batang yang umumnya menunjukkan kelengkungan terhadap sumber cahaya dikatakan fototropik positif. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akar yang tumbuh menjauhi sumber cahaya disebut fototropik negatif. </span></span></span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/369117519.jpeg?323" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">B. Geotropisme</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan pertumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan gravitasi disebut geotropisme. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akar primer selalu tumbuh ke bawah dalam arah gravitasi dan karenanya bersifat geotropik positif, sedangkan tunas utama tumbuh ke atas menjauhi gravitasi dan karenanya bersifat geotropik negatif. </span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Akar dan tunas lateral sekunder menunjukkan respons yang lebih lemah terhadap gravitasi dan dengan demikian mengambil posisi pada sudut terhadap stimulus gravitasi dan disebut diageotropik. </span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><u><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Demonstrasi geotropisme:</span></u></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Geotropisme dapat didemonstrasikan di laboratorium dengan alat yang disebut Klinostat. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini dapat memungkinkan tanaman pot yang dipasang di atasnya berputar dengan kecepatan tertentu. </span></span></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Dua klinostat diambil dan tanaman pot di masing-masing dipasang pada posisi horizontal.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Satu klinostat diputar dan yang lainnya tetap diam. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pengamatan yang dilakukan setelah beberapa waktu akan menunjukkan bahwa pucuk tanaman yang difiksasi pada klinostat stasioner menekuk ke atas menunjukkan geotropisme negatif dan akar menekuk ke bawah menunjukkan geotropisme positif. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tetapi tidak ada pembengkokan pada akar dan pucuk tanaman yang dipasang pada klinostat yang berputar. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan fakta bahwa stimulus gravitasi tidak unilateral karena mempengaruhi sisi organ yang berputar secara merata.</span></span><br /><br /></span></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;"><div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;"><table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 905px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody"><tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 400.15px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/598701472.jpeg" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 440px; padding: 1px; width: 396.15px;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 444.85px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">C. Hidrotropisme</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan pertumbuhan dalam menanggapi stimulus unilateral air dikenal sebagai hidrotropisme. </span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Akar bersifat hidrotropik positif karena membengkok ke arah sumber air. </span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/371782652.jpeg?490" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">D. Kemotropisme</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah gerakan yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan sepihak dari beberapa bahan kimia.</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pergerakan tabung polen melalui stilus menuju ovarium adalah contoh kemotropisme.</span></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/8633181.jpg?282" style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px !important; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: #cc33cc;">2. GERAKAN TAKTIK</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan taktis adalah gerakan penggerak, yang diinduksi oleh beberapa rangsangan eksternal searah.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Arah mereka dikendalikan oleh arah stimulus.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tergantung pada sifat rangsangan, gerakan-gerakan ini adalah jenis berikut: -</span></span><br /></span></li></ul><span style="color: black;">A) Fototaktik</span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong style="color: black;">A. Fototaktik </strong><span style="color: black;">: </span><span style="color: black;"><br /><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan taktik ini sebagai respons terhadap cahaya searah.</span></span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh: Ganggang renang bebas, zoospora, gamet ketika berenang menuju cahaya yang menyebar dikatakan fototaktik positif dan ketika mereka menjauh dari cahaya kuat, mereka disebut fototaktik negatif.</span></span></li></ul></span></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/9428113.jpg?266" style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px !important; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">B. Kemotaktik</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan searah penggerak sebagai respons terhadap bahan kimia tertentu disebut kemotaktik.</span><br /></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Pergerakan antherozoids dari bryophyta dan pteridophytes menuju telur karena bahan kimia.</span></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-none" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/6755405.jpg?267" style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px !important; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">C. Termotaktik</span></strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan penggerak sebagai respons terhadap stimulus suhu searah tertentu.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh: Pergerakan sitoplasmik rotasi cepat pada daun </span></span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Vallisneria</span></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> akibat peningkatan suhu dan pergerakan alga membentuk cloder ke tempat yang lebih hangat.</span></span></span></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #cc33cc; font-size: x-small;"><strong>3. GERAKAN NASTIK</strong></span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pergerakan dapat disebabkan oleh perubahan </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgor" style="color: #bf6619; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">turgor</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> atau perubahan pertumbuhan</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Tergantung pada sifat rangsangan, gerakan-gerakan ini adalah jenis berikut: -</span><br /></li><span style="color: black;">A) Niktinasti</span></ul></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong>A. Niktinasti</strong><br /><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Gerakan organ tumbuhan ini terjadi sebagai respons terhadap siang dan cahaya dan dengan demikian juga dikenal sebagai gerakan tidur.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Fotonastik: Jika gerakan ini diinduksi oleh perubahan intensitas cahaya.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh: Bunga </span></span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Oxalis, Portulaca, Nicotiana, Oenothera</span></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dll.</span></span></span></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/946210502.jpg?544" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kacang-kacangan </span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Acacia totuosa </span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> hari ...... dan di malam hari; </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dengan selebaran yang menunjukkan penutupan nyctinastic ('gerakan tidur').</span></span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Termonastik : Jika gerakan ini diinduksi oleh perubahan intensitas suhu.</span></span><br /></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh : Tulip dan Saffron ( </span></span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Crocus</span></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> )</span></span></span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Kenaikan suhu hanya 0,36 derajat sudah cukup untuk mulai membuka crocus.</span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;"><div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;"><table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 905px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody"><tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 484.062px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/545859710.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 450px; padding: 1px; width: 450px;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 360.938px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong>B. Kemonasti</strong></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Gerakan ini terjadi sebagai respons terhadap beberapa stimulus kimia.</span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/387084905.jpg?513" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -2px; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Chemonasty yang kuat ditunjukkan oleh tentakel perifer panjang daun sundew ( </span></span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Drosera</span></span></em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ) yang merespon keberadaan senyawa nitrogen organik dengan menekuk ke arah tengah daun.</span></span></span><br /></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><strong><span style="color: black;">C. Seismonasti</span></strong><br /><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 1.5;">Gerakan-gerakan ini sebagai respons terhadap kejutan dengan stimulus sentuhan.</span><br /></li></ul></div><div style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;"><div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;"><table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 905px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody"><tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 449.288px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-border-width:0" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a style="color: #bf6619;"><img alt="Gambar" src="https://biology4isc.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/8/0/9080078/1357788850.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></a><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 395.712px;"><div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 2px !important; padding-right: 2px !important; padding-top: 10px; padding: 10px 2px; position: relative;"><div style="font-size: 10.8px;"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">BQ: Berikan penjelasan singkat tentang gerakan turgor yang ditunjukkan oleh </span></span><em style="position: relative;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mimosa pudica.</span></span></em></strong></span></div><div class="paragraph" style="background-color: #f3e9c8; color: #403b34; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0.5em 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 5px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 3em;"><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Pangkal tangkai daun membengkak (Pulvinus) dan pulvinus serupa tetapi lebih kecil terdapat di dasar setiap selebaran.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Separuh bawah berdinding tipis dan separuh atas berdinding tebal.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Jika pinnule terminal dipukul atau disentuh, stimulus dilakukan ke basisnya dan kemudian pinnules lainnya.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Rangsangan ini menyebabkan turunnya turgor sel-sel bawah karena kehilangan air.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Setengah bagian atas mempertahankan turgiditas.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Setengah turgid menekan setengah bagian bawah yang lembek / daun terkulai.</span></li><li style="list-style: outside disc; margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;"><span style="color: black;">Ketika stimulus sentuhan dihilangkan, turgiditas kembali.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-43508132636020048062021-07-25T04:28:00.000-07:002021-07-25T04:28:11.097-07:00PARTENOGENESIS<p> </p><h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 45px; line-height: 55px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Partenogenesis: Bagaimana betina dari beberapa spesies dapat bereproduksi tanpa jantan</span></h1><p><br /></p><figure class="intro-image intro-left" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1rem;"><figcaption class="caption" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="caption-text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Dua kadal betina berjemur di siang hari, Nama latin kadal ini adalah </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aspidoscelis flagellicauda</em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis kadal ini merupakan salah satu dari beberapa spesies kadal yang semuanya betina, yang terbentuk secara partenogenesis.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidAZdTY5NxG3DNRpG5JrxLvgjaDGeOMvCvgbqtRYySkvOEAZYrVtW3WDEAPTBEijtWxwiSSfkOveNVeEQVDg6I8yn8PSUKkTpCUwGQFcHeR0pw4KQt7th6U3-1BAVoZLlRgg68JmQ57EM/s756/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="756" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidAZdTY5NxG3DNRpG5JrxLvgjaDGeOMvCvgbqtRYySkvOEAZYrVtW3WDEAPTBEijtWxwiSSfkOveNVeEQVDg6I8yn8PSUKkTpCUwGQFcHeR0pw4KQt7th6U3-1BAVoZLlRgg68JmQ57EM/s320/6.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Seekor kadal Asia menetas dari telur di Kebun Binatang, dan para pemeliharanya terkejut. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mengapa? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">induknya belum pernah bertemu dengan kadal jantan sama sekali. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Melalui pemeriksaan genetik, peneliti kebun binatang menemukan bahwa anak kadal betina yang baru menetas, ldihasilkan dengan cara reproduksi yang dikenal sebagai <b>partenogenesis</b>.</span></p></figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Partenogenesis adalah berasal dari istilah Yunani yang berarti "perkembangan perawan", tepatnya mengacu pada salinan aseksual induk betina. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sementara banyak orang saat ini percaya bahwa peristiwa reproduksi ini merupakan fiksi ilmiah, Partenogenesis sangat khas dalam perjalanan evolusi dan telah diidentifikasi dalam berbagai organisme, yang meliputi tanaman, serangga, ikan, reptil dan bahkan burung, Demikian juga dengan</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> mamalia, termasuk manusia, </span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 42px; margin: 10px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mengembangkan keturunan tanpa sperma</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Reproduksi seksual membutuhkan betina dan jantan, masing-masing menyumbangkan konten genetik dalam telur atau sperma, untuk menghasilkan keturunan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar spesies hewan bereproduksi secara seksual, tetapi betina dari beberapa spesies mampu mengembangkan telur yang terdiri dari semua produk genetik yang diperlukan untuk penyalinan.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Betina yang mampu mengembangkan keturunan dar partenogeneris, diantaranya, krustasea dan kadal, yang berkembang biak hanya dengan cara partenogenesis dan dikenal sebagai partenogen wajib.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sejumlah besar pengetahuan tentang partenogenesis spontan, didokumentasikan pada hewan dikebun binatang, seperti kadal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Partenogen spontan umumnya bereproduksi secara seksual, tetapi mereka mungkin memiliki siklus sesekali yang menghasilkan telur yang sepenuhnya siap untuk berkembang.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Para peneliti telah mempelajari partenogenesis spontan mungkin merupakan sifat yang diturunkan, menunjukkan induk betina yang langsung mengalami partenogenesis cenderung menghasilkan anak dengan jenis kelamin betina.</span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 42px; margin: 10px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagaimana cara betina membuahi telur yang mereka miliki?</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agar partenogenesis terjadi, rantai situasi seluler harus terungkap secara efektif. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Awalnya, betina harus dalam posisi memproduksi sel telur (oogenesis) tanpa perlu rangsangan dari sperma atau kawin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua, telur yang dibuat oleh betina harus mulai berproduksi secara individu, membentuk embrio fase awal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Terakhir, telur harus menetas secara produktif.</span></span></p><aside aria-label="Dalam iklan Konten" class="ad_wrapper" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"></p></aside><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap langkah dari prosedur partenogenesis lebih banyak gagal, terutama langkah dua, yaitu proses duplikasi kromosom DNA di dalam telur menjadi dua kali lipat, memastikan peningkatan total gen untuk keturunan yang diperoleh. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Atau, telur dapat "dibuahi palsu" oleh sel-sel sisa dari proses keluaran telur yang dikenal sebagai <b>badan kutub (polosit0</b>. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Strategi apa pun yang memulai pertumbuhan embrio pada akhirnya akan mengidentifikasi tingkat kesamaan genetik di antara induk dengan keturunannya.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Peristiwa yang menyebabkan partenogenesis tidak sepenuhnya dipahami. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada spesies yang mampu melakukan reproduksi seksual dan partenogenesis yang sama, seperti kutu daun, pemicu stres seperti berkerumun dan predasi dapat memicu induk betina untuk beralih dari partenogenesis reproduksi seksual, tetapi tidak sebaliknya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Setidaknya hanya satu jenis plankton air tawar, salinitas yang lebih tinggi tampaknya menyebabkan perubahan.</span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 42px; margin: 10px 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Keuntungan dari Partenogenesis</span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun partenogenesis spontan tampaknya sesuatu yang tidak umum, hal itu memberikan beberapa manfaat bagi betina yang dapat mencapainya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam beberapa kasus, partenogenesis memungkinkan induk betina menghasilkan pasangan kawin mereka sendiri.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hubungan seksual keturunan partenogenetik ditentukan oleh sistem identik, seks diidentifikasi dalam spesies itu sendiri. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk organisme di mana hubungan seksual ditentukan oleh kromosom, seperti kromosom XX betina dan XY jantan pada beberapa serangga, ikan dan reptil, feminim partenogenetik dapat mengembangkan keturunan hanya dengan kromosom hubungan seksual yang dimilikinya—yang menunjukkan bahwa dia biasanya akan menghasilkan XX keturunan perempuan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tetapi untuk organisme di mana pun betina memiliki kromosom seks ZW (seperti pada ular dan burung), semua keturunan hidup yang dihasilkan akan menjadi ZZ, dan karena itu jantan, atau lebih jarang, WW, dan betina.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Antara tahun 1997 dan 1999, seekor ular kotak-kotak yang dipelihara di Kebun Binatang melahirkan dua ekor anak jantan dan bertahan hidup hingga dewasa. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika ular betina dikawinkan dengan salah satu dari anak ular jantan yang dihasilkan secara partenogenetik, maka akan menjadi perkawinan sedarah. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun perkawinan sedarah dapat menghasilkan sejumlah masalah genetik, dari sudut pandang evolusioner, namun perkawinan sedarah lebih unggul daripada tidak memiliki keturunan sama sekali. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Potensi anak betina untuk melahirkan anak jantan melalui partenogenesis juga menyiratkan bahwa replika aseksual di alam mungkin jauh lebih umum daripada yang dipahami para ilmuwan sebelumnya.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ahli biologi telah mengamati, dalam interval waktu yang lebih lama, bahwa spesies partenogen obligat secara rutin mati karena penyakit, parasitisme, atau penyesuaian di habitat. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Perkawinan sedarah yang melekat pada spesies partenogenetik tampaknya mengarah pada garis waktu evolusioner mereka yang singkat.</span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Poppins, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 35px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Studi saat ini tentang partenogenesis berusaha untuk menyadari mengapa beberapa spesies mampu melakukan dua jenis kelamin dan partenogenesis, dan tidak peduli apakah reproduksi seksual sesekali bisa cukup bagi suatu spesies untuk bertahan hidup.</span><img alt="Percakapan" height="1" loading="lazy" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/150496/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-shadow: none !important; vertical-align: middle;" width="1" /></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-185244194113019232021-07-22T07:37:00.000-07:002021-07-22T07:37:01.298-07:00SISTEM ENDOKRIN MANUSIA<p> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">Kelenjar Endokrin Manusia</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar endokrin pada hewan memiliki sistem komunikasi serbaguna untuk mengkoordinasikan fungsi biologis. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar eksokrin dan kelenjar endokrin adalah dua jenis kelenjar yang ditemukan pada hewan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar endokrin ditemukan di berbagai daerah tubuh hewan maupun manusia. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar ini disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kelenjar tanpa saluran</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sekresi mereka disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> yang diproduksi dalam </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">jumlah menit</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sekresi heT berdifusi ke dalam aliran darah dan dibawa ke bagian tubuh yang jauh. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka bertindak pada organ tertentu yang disebut sebagai </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">organ </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">target</span></span></span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Kelenjar eksokrin memiliki saluran khusus untuk membawa sekresinya misalnya kelenjar ludah, kelenjar susu, kelenjar keringat.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Kelenjar endokrin yang ada pada manusia dan vertebrata lainnya adalah:</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">a) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar hipofisis</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">b) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar tiroid</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">c) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">paratiroid kelenjar</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">d) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pankreas (Pulau Langerhans)</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">e) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar adrenal (Korteks adrenal dan Medula adrenal)</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">f) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gonad (Tes dan Ovarium)</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">g) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar timus</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">1. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Hipofisis</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><img height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/MAHEND~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="1" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kelenjar pituitari</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> atau </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hipofisis</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah kacang berbentuk massa kompak sel yang terletak di dasar otak tengah yang melekat pada hipotalamus oleh </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tangkai hipofisis</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hipofisis </span></span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Kelenjar secara anatomis terdiri dari dua lobus dan melakukan fungsi yang berbeda.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/Ow0C6Uv.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="495" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka adalah lobus anterior (</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">adenohipofisis</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">) dan lobus posterior (</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">neurohipofisis</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">). </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Lobus perantara tidak ada pada manusia.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar pituitari membentuk kelenjar endokrin utama di sebagian besar vertebrata. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengatur dan mengontrol kelenjar endokrin lainnya dan disebut sebagai " </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kelenjar Master</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> ".</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon yang disekresikan oleh lobus anterior (adenohipofisis) hipofisis</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hipofisis anterior terdiri dari berbagai jenis sel dan mengeluarkan hormon yang merangsang produksi hormon oleh kelenjar endokrin lainnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon yang disekresikan oleh hipofisis anterior adalah</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">a) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Pertumbuhan</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">b) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon perangsang tiroid</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">c) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Adrenokortikotropik</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">d) </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon Gonadotropik yang terdiri dari Follicle Stimulating Hormone dan Luteinizing Hormone</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">e) </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Prolaktin</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon pertumbuhan (GH)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">GH mempromosikan pengembangan dan pembesaran semua jaringan tubuh. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini merangsang pertumbuhan otot, tulang rawan dan tulang panjang. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengontrol metabolisme sel.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Sekresi yang tidak tepat dari hormon ini menyebabkan kondisi berikut.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Dwarfisme:</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> Hal ini disebabkan oleh penurunan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sekresi hormon pertumbuhan pada anak-anak. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ciri-cirinya adalah pertumbuhan terhambat, pembentukan kerangka tertunda dan cacat mental.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Gigantisme:</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> Oversekresi </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">pertumbuhan </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">menyebabkan gigantisme pada anak-anak. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini ditandai dengan pertumbuhan berlebih dari semua jaringan dan organ tubuh. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Individu mencapai peningkatan tinggi badan yang tidak normal.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Akromegali:</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> Kelebihan sekresi </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">pertumbuhan </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">pada orang dewasa dapat menyebabkan pembesaran kepala, wajah, tangan dan kaki yang tidak normal.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon perangsang tiroid (TSH)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">TSH mengontrol pertumbuhan kelenjar tiroid, mengkoordinasikan aktivitasnya dan sekresi hormon.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">ACTH merangsang korteks adrenal dari kelenjar adrenal untuk produksi hormonnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga mempengaruhi sintesis protein di korteks adrenal.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon gonadotropik (GTH)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon gonadotropik adalah hormon perangsang folikel dan hormon luteinizing yang penting untuk perkembangan normal gonad.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon perangsang folikel (FSH)</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada pria, merangsang epitel germinal testis untuk pembentukan sperma. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada wanita itu memulai pertumbuhan folikel ovarium dan perkembangannya di ovarium.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon Luteinizing (LH)</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada pria, ini mempromosikan sel Leydig testis untuk mengeluarkan hormon seks pria testosteron. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada wanita, menyebabkan ovulasi (pecahnya folikel graafian dewasa), bertanggung jawab untuk pengembangan korpus luteum dan produksi hormon seks wanita estrogen dan progesteron.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Prolaktin (PRL)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">PRL juga disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon laktogenik</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon ini memulai perkembangan kelenjar susu selama kehamilan dan merangsang produksi susu setelah kelahiran anak.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Hormon yang disekresikan oleh lobus posterior (Neurohypophysis) dari hipofisis</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon yang disekresikan oleh hipofisis posterior adalah</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">1. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon vasopresin atau antidiuretik</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">2. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Oksitosin</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">a. Vasopresin atau hormon antidiuretik (ADH)</span></span></span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Di tubulus ginjal meningkatkan reabsorpsi air. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengurangi kehilangan air melalui urin dan karenanya disebut hormon antidiuretik.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Defisiensi ADH mengurangi reabsorpsi air dan menyebabkan peningkatan keluaran urin (poliuria). </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gangguan defisiensi ini disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diabetes insipidus</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">b. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Oksitosin</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Ini membantu dalam kontraksi otot polos rahim pada saat kelahiran anak dan pengeluaran susu dari kelenjar susu setelah kelahiran anak.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">2. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Tiroid</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar tiroid terdiri dari dua lobus berbeda yang terletak satu di kedua sisi trakea. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua lobus dihubungkan melalui pita sempit jaringan yang dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tanah genting</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar ini terdiri dari folikel kelenjar dan</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/ajpvC7d.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="353" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">dilapisi oleh epitel kuboid. Folikel diisi dengan bahan koloid yang disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tiroglobulin.</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Asam amino </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tirosin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">yodium</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> terlibat dalam pembentukan hormon tiroid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon yang disekresi oleh kelenjar tiroid adalah</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebuah. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Triiodotironin (T </span></span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">3</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> )</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">B. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tetraiodothyronine atau Tiroksin (T </span></span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">4</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> )</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi hormon tiroid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi hormon tiroid adalah</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Produksi energi dengan menjaga </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Basal Metabolic Rate</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> (BMR) tubuh.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Membantu menjaga </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">suhu </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tubuh normal </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mempengaruhi aktivitas </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sistem </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">saraf pusat </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mengontrol pertumbuhan tubuh dan </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">pembentukan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tulang </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Penting untuk </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">perkembangan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">fisik, mental dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kepribadian yang </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">normal </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Disebut juga sebagai </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon kepribadian</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: PMingLiU, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mengatur metabolisme sel.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Disfungsi Tiroid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika kelenjar tiroid gagal mensekresikan tingkat hormon yang normal, kondisi ini disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">disfungsi tiroid</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengarah ke kondisi berikut:</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hipotiroidisme</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan karena penurunan sekresi hormon tiroid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kondisi abnormalnya adalah gondok sederhana, kretinisme, dan miksedema.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Gondok</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan karena pasokan yodium yang tidak memadai dalam makanan kita. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini umumnya terjadi di daerah Himalaya karena rendahnya kadar yodium di dalam tanah. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mengarah pada pembesaran kelenjar tiroid yang menonjol sebagai pembengkakan yang ditandai di leher dan disebut sebagai </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">gondok.</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/a1c7uy5.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="195" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">kretinisme</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan karena penurunan sekresi hormon tiroid pada anak-anak. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kondisi tersebut adalah pertumbuhan terhambat, cacat mental, kurangnya perkembangan kerangka dan tulang cacat. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka disebut sebagai </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kretin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">miksedema</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon tiroid pada orang dewasa. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka lamban secara mental, peningkatan berat badan, bengkak pada wajah dan tangan, penampilan edema.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hipertiroidisme</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini disebabkan karena kelebihan sekresi hormon tiroid yang menyebabkan penyakit Grave. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gejalanya adalah penonjolan bola mata (Exopthalmia), peningkatan laju metabolisme, suhu tubuh tinggi, berkeringat banyak, kehilangan berat badan dan gugup.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">3. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Paratiroid</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar paratiroid adalah empat badan oval kecil yang terletak di permukaan posterior lobus tiroid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sel chief</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> kelenjar terutama berkaitan dengan sekresi </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">parathormon</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/xoWm82h.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="342" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi Parathormon</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Parathormon mengatur metabolisme kalsium dan fosfor dalam tubuh. Mereka bekerja pada tulang, ginjal dan usus untuk mempertahankan kadar kalsium darah.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Disfungsi Partiroid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Sekresi hormon paratiroid dapat diubah karena kondisi berikut.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pengangkatan kelenjar paratiroid selama tiroidektomi (pengangkatan tiroid) menyebabkan penurunan sekresi parathormon. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Syaratnya adalah</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kejang otot yang dikenal sebagai </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tetany</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> (kontraksi otot-otot wajah, laring, tangan dan kaki yang berkelanjutan).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kram yang menyakitkan pada otot-otot tungkai.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">4. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pankreas (Pulau </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Langerhans)</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Cambria Math", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pankreas adalah kelenjar kekuningan memanjang yang terletak di loop lambung dan duodenum. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">eksokrin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">endokrin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> di alam. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pankreas eksokrin mengeluarkan jus pankreas yang berperan dalam pencernaan sementara, bagian endokrin terdiri dari Pulau Langerhans.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/F3ULfre.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="483" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pulau Langerhans terdiri dari dua jenis sel yaitu sel alfa dan sel beta. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sel alfa</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> mensekresikan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">glukagon</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sel-sel beta</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> mensekresikan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">insulin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Fungsi Hormon Pankreas</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Keseimbangan antara produksi insulin dan glukagon diperlukan untuk mempertahankan konsentrasi glukosa darah.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Insulin</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Insulin membantu dalam konversi glukosa menjadi glikogen yang disimpan di hati dan otot rangka.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mempromosikan transportasi glukosa ke dalam sel.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menurunkan konsentrasi glukosa dalam darah.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Glukagon</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Glukagon membantu dalam pemecahan glikogen menjadi glukosa di hati.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meningkatkan kadar glukosa darah.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Diabetes mellitus</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kekurangan insulin menyebabkan penyakit </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diabetes </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mellitus</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini ditandai dengan</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Peningkatan kadar gula darah (Hiperglikemia).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ekskresi kelebihan glukosa dalam urin (Glikosuria).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sering buang air kecil (Poliuria).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Peningkatan rasa haus (Polidipsia).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nafsu makan meningkat (Polifagia).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">5. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Adrenal</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar adrenal terletak di atas setiap ginjal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kelenjar supra renal</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian luar adalah korteks adrenal dan bagian dalam adalah medula adrenal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua bagian yang berbeda secara struktural dan fungsional berbeda.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/ubDaOn7.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="490" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Korteks adrenal</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Korteks adrenal terdiri dari tiga lapisan sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka adalah </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">zona glomerulosa</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> , </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">zona </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">fasciculata</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">zona reticularis</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon Korteks Adrenal</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hormon yang disekresikan oleh korteks adrenal adalah kortikosteroid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka diklasifikasikan menjadi</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A. Glukokortikoid</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">B. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mineralokortikoid</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi Hormon Adrenokortikal</span></span></h3><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Glukokortikoid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Glukokortikoid yang disekresi oleh zona fasciculata adalah </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kortisol</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kortikosteron</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka mengatur metabolisme sel.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang pembentukan glukosa dari glikogen di hati.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah agen anti-inflamasi dan anti-alergi.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mineralokortikoid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mineralokortikoid yang disekresi oleh zona glomerulosa adalah </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">aldosteron</span></span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membantu untuk menyerap kembali ion natrium dari tubulus ginjal.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Menyebabkan peningkatan ekskresi ion kalium.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Mengatur keseimbangan elektrolit, volume cairan tubuh, tekanan osmotik dan tekanan darah.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Medula adrenal</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Medula adrenal terdiri dari </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sel-sel kromafin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . Mereka kaya akan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">saraf simpatis dan parasimpatis.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Hormon Medula Adrenal</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Ini mengeluarkan dua hormon yaitu</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A. Epinefrin (Adrenalin)</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">B. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Norepinefrin (Noradrenalin)</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka bersama-sama disebut sebagai " </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hormon </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">darurat</span></span></span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">". </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini diproduksi selama kondisi </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">stres dan emosi. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Oleh karena itu juga disebut sebagai "hormon penerbangan, ketakutan dan pertarungan".</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi hormon meduler adrenal</span></span></h3><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Epinefrin (Adrenalin)</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">mempromosikan konversi glikogen menjadi glukosa di hati dan otot.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meningkatkan detak jantung dan tekanan darah.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">meningkatkan laju respirasi dengan pelebaran bronkus dan trakea.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Menyebabkan pelebaran pupil mata.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mengurangi aliran darah melalui kulit.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Norepinefrin (Noradrenalin)</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Sebagian besar aksinya mirip dengan epinefrin.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">6. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Reproduksi (Gonad)</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar seks terdiri dari dua jenis </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">testis</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">ovarium</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Testis hadir pada pria, sedangkan ovarium hadir pada wanita.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Testis</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Testis adalah kelenjar reproduksi pria. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka terdiri dari tubulus seminiferus, sel Leydig dan sel Sertoli. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Leydig </span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">sel</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> membentuk bagian endokrin testis. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka mengeluarkan hormon seks pria yang disebut </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">testosteron</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi testosteron</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempengaruhi proses spermatogenesis.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">merangsang sintesis protein dan mengontrol pertumbuhan otot.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">bertanggung jawab untuk pengembangan karakter seksual sekunder (distribusi rambut pada tubuh dan wajah, pola suara yang dalam, dll).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Indung telur</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ovarium adalah gonad betina yang terletak di rongga panggul perut. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka mengeluarkan hormon seks wanita</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Estrogen</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Progesteron</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Estrogen</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dihasilkan oleh </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">folikel Graafian</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dari ovarium dan </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">progesteron</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dari </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">para </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">korpus luteum</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> yang terbentuk di ovarium dari folikel yang pecah selama ovulasi.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi estrogen</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membawa tentang perubahan yang terjadi selama masa pubertas.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">memulai proses oogenesis.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Merangsang pematangan folikel ovarium dalam ovarium.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">mempromosikan pengembangan karakter seksual sekunder (perkembangan payudara, suara bernada tinggi dll).</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e22415; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi Progesteron</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">bertanggung jawab atas perubahan pramenstruasi rahim.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">mempersiapkan rahim untuk implantasi embrio.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mempertahankan kehamilan.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sangat penting untuk pembentukan plasenta.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><img height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/MAHEND~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="1" /><img height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/MAHEND~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="2" /><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: TundraWeb, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 30px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7e0009; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">7. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 32px;">Kelenjar Timus</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Timus sebagian merupakan kelenjar endokrin dan sebagian lagi merupakan kelenjar limfoid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Itu terletak di bagian atas dada yang menutupi ujung bawah trakea. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Timosin</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah hormon yang disekresikan oleh timus.</span></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://img.brainkart.com/extra3/Omon18c.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" width="462" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 45px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">Fungsi Timosin</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">memiliki efek stimulasi pada fungsi kekebalan tubuh.</span></span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin: 0in 0.5pt 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">· </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">merangsang produksi dan diferensiasi limfosit.</span></p>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-87374219839779124942021-06-26T03:01:00.003-07:002021-06-26T03:01:49.298-07:00PINOSITOSIS VS FAGOSITOSIS<h1 style="text-align: left;"> PINOSITOSIS DAN FAGOSITOSIS</h1><div><p id="fs-id1467282" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Selain memindahkan ion dan molekul kecil melalui membran, sel juga perlu mengeluarkan dan mengambil molekul dan partikel yang lebih besar</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa sel bahkan mampu menelan seluruh mikroorganisme uniseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika sel menyerap dan melepaskan partikel besar, pastinya akan membutuhkan energi. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Partikel besar, menggunakan cara apapun tidak dapat melewati membran, bahkan dengan energi yang disuplai dari sel.</span></span></p><div class="bc-section section" data-depth="1" id="fs-id1967798" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.83em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Endositosis</span></h2><p id="fs-id1416306" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span data-type="term" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Endositosis</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah jenis transpor aktif yang memindahkan partikel (molekul besar) sel, atau seluruh isi sel ke dalam sel lain. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak variasi proses endositosis, tetapi semuanya memiliki karakteristik yang sama: membran plasma sel berinvaginasi, membentuk kantong di sekitar partikel target. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">kedua ujung membran menyatu, dan partikel terselubung dalam vesikel intraseluler yang baru terbentuk dari membran plasma.</span></span></p><div class="bc-section section" data-depth="2" id="fs-id1242559" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fagositosis</span></h2><p id="fs-id1694237" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fagositosis ( "sel makan") adalah proses di mana sel mengambil partikel besar, seperti sel lain atau partikel yang ukurannya relatif besar. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagai contoh, ketika mikroorganisme menyerang tubuh manusia, sejenis sel darah putih, neutrofil, akan melenyapkan mikroorganisme penyerang melalui proses fagositosis, yaitu dengan cara menyelubungi dan menelan mikroorganisme tersebut, kemudian dihancurkan oleh neutrofil</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></p><div class="bc-figure figure" id="fig-ch05_04_01" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="bc-figcaption figcaption" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada proses fagositosis membran sel mengelilingi partikel dan menelannya. </span></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span data-alt="This illustration shows a plasma membrane forming a pocket around a particle in the extracellular fluid. The membrane subsequently engulfs the particle, which becomes trapped in a vacuole." data-type="media" id="fs-id2273382" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Ilustrasi ini menunjukkan membran plasma yang membentuk kantong di sekitar partikel dalam cairan ekstraseluler. Membran kemudian menelan partikel, yang terperangkap dalam vakuola." data-media-type="image/png" height="310" src="https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/wp-content/uploads/sites/249/2018/10/Figure_05_04_01.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid !important; display: inline-block; font-size: 1.125rem; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: initial; vertical-align: middle;" title="Proses Fagositosis" width="320" /></div><p></p></div><p id="fs-id1458045" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam persiapan untuk fagositosis, sebagian dari permukaan membran plasma yang menghadap ke dalam menjadi dilapisi dengan protein </span><span data-type="term" style="box-sizing: border-box;">clathrin</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> , yang menstabilkan bagian membran ini. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian membran yang dilapisi kemudian memanjang dari badan sel dan mengelilingi partikel, akhirnya membungkusnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Setelah vesikel yang mengandung partikel tertutup di dalam sel, clathrin melepaskan diri dari membran dan vesikel bergabung dengan lisosom untuk memecah bahan di kompartemen yang baru terbentuk (endosom). </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika nutrisi yang dapat diakses dari degradasi isi vesikular telah diekstraksi, endosom yang baru terbentuk bergabung dengan membran plasma dan melepaskan isinya ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran endosom kembali menjadi bagian dari membran plasma.</span></span></p></div><div class="bc-section section" data-depth="2" id="fs-id1434270" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis</span></h2><p id="fs-id2337777" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinosistosi merupakan bentuk lain dari endositosis</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis secara harfiah berarti "sel minum". </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ditemukan oleh Warren Lewis pada tahun 1929, ahli embriologi dan biologi sel dari Amerika. Ia menggambarkan suatu proses di mana sel dengan sengaja mengambil cairan ekstraseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebenarnya pinositosis adalah proses pengambilan molekul termasuk air, yang dibutuhkan sel dari cairan ekstraseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis menghasilkan vesikel yang jauh lebih kecil daripada fagositosis, dan vesikel tidak perlu bergabung dengan lisosom</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></p><div class="bc-figure figure" id="fig-ch05_04_02" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="bc-figcaption figcaption" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada pinositosis, membran sel berinvaginasi, mengelilingi sejumlah kecil cairan, dan menjepitnya. </span></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: center;"><span data-alt="This illustration shows a plasma membrane forming a pocket around fluid in the extracellular fluid. The membrane subsequently engulfs the fluid, which becomes trapped in a vacuole." data-type="media" id="fs-id1998867" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img alt="Ilustrasi ini menunjukkan membran plasma membentuk kantong di sekitar cairan dalam cairan ekstraseluler. Membran kemudian menelan cairan, yang terperangkap dalam vakuola." data-media-type="image/png" src="https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/wp-content/uploads/sites/249/2018/10/Figure_05_04_02.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid !important; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></span></p></div><p id="fs-id1511146" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk lain dari pinositosis adalah </span><span data-type="term" style="box-sizing: border-box;">potositosis</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses ini menggunakan protein pelapis. </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Rongga di membran plasma yang membentuk vakuola memiliki reseptor membran dan rakit lipid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Vakuola atau vesikel yang terbentuk di caveolae jauh lebih kecil dari pada pinositosis. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Potositosis membawa molekul kecil ke dalam sel dan mengangkutnya melalui sel untuk dilepaskan di sisi lain, sebuah proses yang kita sebut transcytosis.</span></span></p></div><div class="bc-section section" data-depth="2" id="fs-id2059707" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor</span></h2><p id="fs-id2163521" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Jenis endositosis yang ditargetkan menggunakan protein reseptor di membran plasma yang memiliki afinitas pengikatan spesifik untuk zat tertentu</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></p><div class="bc-figure figure" id="fig-ch05_04_03" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="bc-figcaption figcaption" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor, penyerapan zat oleh sel menargetkan satu jenis zat yang mengikat reseptor pada permukaan luar membran sel. </span></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: center;"><span data-alt="This illustration shows a part of the plasma membrane that is clathrin-coated on the cytoplasmic side and has receptors on the extracellular side. The receptors bind a substance, then pinch off to form a vesicle." data-type="media" id="fs-id1313108" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img alt="Ilustrasi ini menunjukkan bagian dari membran plasma yang dilapisi klatrin di sisi sitoplasma dan memiliki reseptor di sisi ekstraseluler. Reseptor mengikat suatu zat, kemudian mencubit untuk membentuk vesikel." data-media-type="image/png" src="https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/wp-content/uploads/sites/249/2018/10/Figure_05_04_03.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid !important; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></span></p></div><p id="fs-id1912639" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam </span><span data-type="term" style="box-sizing: border-box;">endositosis yang dimediasi reseptor</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">, seperti fagositosis, clathrin menempel pada sisi sitoplasma dari membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika penyerapan senyawa tergantung pada endositosis yang dimediasi reseptor dan prosesnya tidak efektif, bahan tidak akan dikeluarkan dari cairan jaringan atau darah. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebaliknya, itu akan tinggal di cairan itu dan meningkatkan konsentrasi. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kegagalan endositosis yang dimediasi reseptor menyebabkan beberapa penyakit manusia. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, endositosis yang dimediasi reseptor menghilangkan lipoprotein densitas rendah atau LDL (kolesterol "jahat") dari darah. </span></span></p><p id="fs-id1912639" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada hiperkolesterolemia, sejenis penyakit genetik manusia, reseptor LDL rusak atau hilang seluruhnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Orang dengan kondisi ini memiliki kadar kolesterol yang mengancam jiwa dalam darah mereka, karena sel mereka tidak dapat membersihkan partikel LDL.</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor dirancang untuk membawa zat spesifik yang biasanya ada dalam cairan ekstraseluler ke dalam sel, zat lain dapat masuk ke dalam sel di tempat yang sama. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Virus flu, difteri, dan toksin kolera semuanya memiliki situs yang bereaksi silang dengan situs pengikatan reseptor normal dan masuk ke dalam sel.</span></span></p></div></div><div class="bc-section section" data-depth="1" id="fs-id1836379" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.83em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Eksositosis</span></h2><p id="fs-id841051" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses kebalikan dari pemindahan materi ke dalam sel adalah proses eksositosis. </span><span data-type="term" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Eksositosis</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah kebalikan dari proses yang dibahas di atas karena tujuannya adalah untuk mengeluarkan zat atau materi dari sel ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bahan limbah diselimuti membran dan menyatu dengan interior membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fusi ini membuka selubung membran pada bagian luar sel, dan bahan limbah dikeluarkan ke ruang ekstraseluler</span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh lain dari sel yang melepaskan molekul melalui eksositosis termasuk sekresi protein matriks ekstraseluler dan sekresi neurotransmitter ke dalam celah sinaptik oleh vesikel sinaptik.</span></span></p><div class="bc-figure figure" id="fig-ch05_04_04" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="bc-figcaption figcaption" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada proses eksositosis, vesikel yang mengandung zat menyatu dengan membran plasma kemudian isi vesikel</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"> dilepaskan ke luar sel. </span></span></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: center;"><span data-alt="This illustration shows vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the extracellular fluid." data-type="media" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img alt="Ilustrasi ini menunjukkan vesikel yang menyatu dengan membran plasma dan melepaskan isinya ke cairan ekstraseluler." data-media-type="image/png" src="https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/wp-content/uploads/sites/249/2018/10/Figure_05_04_04.png" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid !important; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="380" /></span></p></div><table id="tab-ch05_04_01" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; break-inside: avoid; font-size: 0.9em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: scroll;" summary="This table provides a list of types of molecular transport in cells, whether the method is passive or active, and the types of materials transported for each."><thead style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><th colspan="3" style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode Pengangkutan, Kebutuhan Energi, dan Jenis Material yang Diangkut</span></th></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><th style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode Transportasi</span></th><th style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif pasif</span></th><th style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bahan Diangkut</span></th></tr></thead><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Difusi</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pasif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bahan dengan berat molekul kecil</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Osmosa</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pasif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">air</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Transportasi/difusi yang difasilitasi</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pasif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Natrium, Kalium, Kalsium, Glukosa</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Transpor aktif primer</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Natrium, Kalium, Kalsium</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Transpor aktif sekunder</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Asam amino, laktosa</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fagositosis</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Makromolekul besar, sel utuh, atau struktur seluler</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis dan potositosis</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Molekul kecil (cairan/air)</span></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box; break-inside: avoid;"><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aktif</span></td><td style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 0.45em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sejumlah besar makromolekul</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="summary" data-depth="1" id="fs-id1894819" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><h3 data-type="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.83em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Rangkuman</span></h3><p id="fs-id1479267" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode transpor aktif membutuhkan ATP langsung untuk bahan bakar transportasi. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Para ilmuwan menyebutnya dengan fagositosis, sel lain dapat menelan partikel besar, seperti makromolekul, sebagian dari isi sel, atau sel secara utuh. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada fagositosis, sebagian membran berinvaginasi dan menyelubungi partikel, kemudian menjepit dan menyungkup partikel oleh selubung membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel memecah isi vesikel, dan partikel dimanfaatkan sel sebagai bahan makanan. </span></span></p><p id="fs-id1479267" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis adalah proses serupa pada skala yang lebih kecil. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran plasma berinvaginasi dan menyelubungi, menghasilkan selubung kecil berisi cairan yang berasal dari luar sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pinositosis mengimpor zat yang dibutuhkan sel dari cairan ekstraseluler. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel mengeluarkan limbah dengan cara yang sama tetapi sebaliknya. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mendorong vakuola membran ke membran plasma,</span></span></p></div><div class="multiple-choice" data-depth="1" id="fs-id1302123" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><h3 data-type="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.83em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tinjau Pertanyaan</span></h3><div data-type="exercise" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" id="fs-id2197804" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id1255097" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa yang terjadi pada membran vesikel setelah eksositosis?</span></p><ol id="fs-id1712549" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membran vesikel dilepas dari sel.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membran vesikel dibongkar oleh sel.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membran vesikel menyatu dan menjadi bagian dari membran plasma.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membran vesikel digunakan lagi pada proses eksositosis lain.</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-id1778503" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id2197192" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" id="fs-id2116533" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" id="fs-id1723512" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id1981380" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Mekanisme transpor manakah yang dapat memasukkan seluruh bagian sel ke dalam sel?</span></p><ol id="fs-id1896127" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">pinositosis</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">fagositosis</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">transportasi yang difasilitasi</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">transpor aktif primer</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-id2051644" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">B</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" id="fs-id1702994" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id2215844" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Perbedaan antara endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor dengan fagositosis adalah ___</span></p><ol id="fs-id1481792" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">hanya mengangkut sejumlah kecil cairan.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">tidak mengambil lembaran dari membran plasma.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hanya membawa zat yang ditargetkan secara khusus.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">membawa zat ke dalam sel, sementara fagositosis menghilangkan zat dari dalam sel.</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-id1443204" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id2000022" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" id="fs-idm71000723" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" id="fs-idp81418450" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm74380435" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak virus memasuki sel inang melalui endositosis yang diperantarai reseptor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa keuntungan dari strategi entri ini?</span></span></p><ol id="fs-idm67922774" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Virus langsung memasuki sitoplasma sel.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Virus dilindungi dari pengenalan oleh sel darah putih.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Virus hanya memasuki tipe sel inang targetnya.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Virus dapat langsung menyuntikkan genomnya ke dalam inti sel.</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-idm40512378" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm200102084" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" id="fs-idm71000725" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" id="fs-idp81418451" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm74380436" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Manakah dari organel berikut yang bergantung pada eksositosis untuk menyelesaikan fungsinya?</span></p><ol id="fs-idm67922775" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Aparatus Golgi</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">vakuola</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">mitokondria</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">retikulum endoplasma</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-idm40512379" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm200102085" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" id="fs-idm71000726" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" id="fs-idp81418452" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm74380437" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bayangkan sebuah sel dapat melakukan eksositosis maksimal, tetapi proses endositosis sangat minimal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa yang akan terjadi pada sel?</span></span></p><ol id="fs-idm67922776" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 2em;" type="a"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel akan mengeluarkan semua protein intraselulernya.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran plasma menjadi semakin luas per satuan ukuran satuan waktu.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel akan berhenti mengekspresikan protein reseptor integral dalam membran plasmanya.</span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel akan lisis dan mati.</span></li></ol></div><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-idm40512380" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-idm200102086" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">B</span></p></div></div></div><div class="critical-thinking" data-depth="1" id="fs-id1419827" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman", Georgia, "SBL Greek", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><h3 data-type="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: initial; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "GFS Neohellenic", sans-serif; font-size: 0.83em; font-weight: normal; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.25em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pertanyaan Berpikir Kritis</span></h3><div data-type="exercise" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-type="problem" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p id="fs-id1787601" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">1. Mengapa keberadaan berbagai jenis protein sangat penting dalam membran plasma untuk pengangkutan bahan ke dalam dan ke luar sel?</span></p><p id="fs-id1787601" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="font-size: 1.125rem; text-align: initial;">Jawab:</span></p><p id="fs-id1787601" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="font-size: 1.125rem; text-align: initial;">Protein memungkinkan sel untuk memilih senyawa apa yang akan diangkut untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sel dan tidak akan membawa yang tidak dibutuhkan sel.</span></p><p id="fs-id1787601" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="font-size: 1.125rem; text-align: initial;">3. Mengapa ion sulit menembus membran plasma meskipun ukurannya kecil?</span></p></div></div><div data-type="exercise" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-label="" data-type="solution" id="fs-id1236377" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Jawab:</span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ion bermuatan, dan akibatnya, mereka hidrofilik dan tidak dapat berasosiasi dengan bagian lipid dari membran. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ion harus diangkut oleh protein pembawa atau saluran ion.</span></span></p></div></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-34760220588017636002021-06-15T19:05:00.004-07:002021-06-15T19:05:53.164-07:00STRUKTUR MEMBRAN PLASMA<p> </p><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pengantar</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap sel tubuh Anda terbungkus dalam gelembung kecil membran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran ini memiliki konsistensi seperti... minyak salad</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-1" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^1</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mulai superskrip, 1, akhiri superskrip</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pertama kali saya membaca factoid itu, saya tidak merasa sangat meyakinkan! </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Minyak salad tampak seperti batas yang sangat rapuh untuk ditempatkan antara sel dan bagian dunia lainnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Untungnya, membran plasma ternyata sangat cocok untuk pekerjaannya, tekstur minyak salad, dan semuanya.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa sebenarnya </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">adalah</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> tugasnya? </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran plasma tidak hanya mendefinisikan batas sel, tetapi juga memungkinkan sel untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya secara terkendali. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel harus mampu mengeluarkan, mengambil, dan mengeluarkan berbagai zat, semua dalam jumlah tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Selain itu, mereka harus mampu berkomunikasi dengan sel lain, mengidentifikasi diri dan berbagi informasi.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk melakukan peran ini, membran plasma membutuhkan lipid, yang membuat penghalang semi-permeabel antara sel dan lingkungannya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini juga membutuhkan protein, yang terlibat dalam transportasi lintas membran dan komunikasi sel, dan karbohidrat (gula dan rantai gula), yang menghiasi protein dan lipid dan membantu sel mengenali satu sama lain.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Di sini, kita akan melihat lebih dekat pada berbagai komponen membran plasma, memeriksa peran mereka, keragamannya, dan bagaimana mereka bekerja sama untuk membuat batas yang fleksibel, sensitif, dan aman di sekitar sel.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Model mosaik Fluida</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Model yang diterima saat ini untuk struktur membran plasma, yang disebut </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">model mosaik fluida</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1972. Model ini telah berkembang dari waktu ke waktu, tetapi masih memberikan deskripsi dasar yang baik tentang struktur dan perilaku membran di banyak sel.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Menurut model mosaik fluida, membran plasma adalah mosaik komponen—terutama, fosfolipid, kolesterol, dan protein—yang bergerak bebas dan lancar dalam bidang membran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan kata lain, diagram membran (seperti gambar di bawah) hanyalah gambaran dari proses dinamis di mana fosfolipid dan protein terus meluncur melewati satu sama lain.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Yang cukup menarik, fluiditas ini berarti bahwa jika Anda memasukkan jarum yang sangat halus ke dalam sel, membran hanya akan berpisah untuk mengalir di sekitar jarum; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">setelah jarum dilepas, membran akan mengalir kembali dengan mulus.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 437px; max-width: 899px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 334.425px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Gambar membran plasma, menunjukkan lapisan ganda fosfolipid dengan protein membran perifer dan integral, glikoprotein (protein dengan karbohidrat terikat), glikolipid (lipid dengan karbohidrat terikat), dan molekul kolesterol." aria-hidden="true" height="155" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/26ffb8e955fba1897b562cb0b93e8cadf621dfc5.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 334.425px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar membran plasma, menunjukkan lapisan ganda fosfolipid dengan protein membran perifer dan integral, glikoprotein (protein dengan karbohidrat terikat), glikolipid (lipid dengan karbohidrat terikat), dan molekul kolesterol.</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gambar dimodifikasi dari OpenStax Biology.</em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Komponen utama membran plasma adalah lipid (fosfolipid dan kolesterol), protein, dan gugus karbohidrat yang melekat pada beberapa lipid dan protein.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebuah </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fosfolipid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah lipid yang terbuat dari gliserol, dua lemak ekor asam, dan kelompok kepala fosfat-linked. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Membran biologis biasanya melibatkan dua lapisan fosfolipid dengan ekornya mengarah ke dalam, suatu susunan yang disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bilayer fosfolipid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kolesterol</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , lipid lain yang terdiri dari empat cincin karbon yang menyatu, ditemukan di samping fosfolipid di inti membran.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein membran dapat meluas sebagian ke dalam membran plasma, melintasi membran seluruhnya, atau secara longgar melekat pada permukaan dalam atau luarnya.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gugus karbohidrat hanya terdapat pada permukaan luar membran plasma dan melekat pada protein, membentuk </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">glikoprotein</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , atau lipid, membentuk </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">glikolipid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Proporsi protein, lipid, dan karbohidrat dalam membran plasma bervariasi antara berbagai jenis sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, untuk sel manusia biasa, protein menyumbang sekitar 50 persen dari komposisi massa, lipid (dari semua jenis) menyumbang sekitar 40 persen, dan 10 persen sisanya berasal dari karbohidrat.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fosfolipid</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fosfolipid, tersusun dalam lapisan ganda, membentuk struktur dasar membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka sangat cocok untuk peran ini karena mereka </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">amfipatik</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , artinya mereka memiliki daerah hidrofilik dan hidrofobik.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive svg-image" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 611px; max-width: 544px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 544px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 611.013px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Struktur kimia fosfolipid, menunjukkan kepala hidrofilik dan ekor hidrofobik." aria-hidden="true" height="320" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/352079e6dc783dce573875198fcb364180b01331.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 611px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 544px;" tabindex="0" width="285" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur kimia fosfolipid, menunjukkan kepala hidrofilik dan ekor hidrofobik.</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kredit gambar: OpenStax Biology.</em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hidrofilik</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , atau “suka air” dari fosfolipid adalah kepalanya, yang mengandung gugus fosfat bermuatan negatif serta gugus kecil tambahan (dengan identitas yang berbeda, “R” pada diagram di sebelah kiri), yang mungkin juga atau bermuatan atau polar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kepala fosfolipid hidrofilik dalam membran bilayer menghadap ke luar, menghubungi cairan berair (berair) baik di dalam maupun di luar sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena air adalah molekul polar, ia siap membentuk interaksi elektrostatik (berbasis muatan) dengan kepala fosfolipid.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hidrofobik</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , atau "takut air", dari fosfolipid terdiri dari ekor asam lemak nonpolar yang panjang. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ekor asam lemak dapat dengan mudah berinteraksi dengan molekul nonpolar lainnya, tetapi mereka berinteraksi buruk dengan air. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena itu, lebih menguntungkan bagi fosfolipid untuk menyelipkan ekor asam lemaknya di bagian dalam membran, di mana mereka terlindung dari air di sekitarnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lapisan ganda fosfolipid yang dibentuk oleh interaksi ini membuat penghalang yang baik antara bagian dalam dan luar sel, karena air dan zat polar atau bermuatan lainnya tidak dapat dengan mudah melewati inti hidrofobik membran. </span></span><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-inline" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_167wsvl" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_pupwzyp" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="_13sgcdp7 _7n4oib" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic !important; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0">[Bisakah air melewati membran plasma sama sekali?]</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1833px; max-width: 2315px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 544.75px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Gambar misel dan liposom." aria-hidden="true" height="253" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/85ac24f6d1a946ae9b26e7ba3fb7ece6e179d42e.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 544.75px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar misel dan liposom.</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kredit gambar: modifikasi karya OpenStax Biology, aslinya oleh Mariana Ruiz Villareal.</em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Berkat sifat amfipatiknya, fosfolipid tidak hanya cocok untuk membentuk lapisan ganda membran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebaliknya, ini adalah sesuatu yang akan mereka lakukan secara spontan dalam kondisi yang tepat! </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam air atau larutan berair, fosfolipid cenderung mengatur diri mereka sendiri dengan ekor hidrofobiknya saling berhadapan dan kepala hidrofiliknya menghadap keluar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika fosfolipid memiliki ekor kecil, mereka dapat membentuk </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">misel</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (bola kecil berlapis tunggal), sedangkan jika mereka memiliki ekor yang lebih besar, mereka dapat membentuk </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">liposom</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (tetesan berongga dari membran bilayer)</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-2" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^2</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">kuadrat</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein adalah komponen utama kedua dari membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada dua kategori utama protein membran: integral dan perifer.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1528px; max-width: 1742px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 603.513px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Gambar protein transmembran satu jalur dengan heliks alfa rentang membran tunggal dan protein transmembran tiga jalur dengan tiga heliks alfa rentang membran." aria-hidden="true" height="281" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/2f6fc7d4c0173912ad8c49930b98f9451671f373.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 603.513px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar protein transmembran satu jalur dengan heliks alfa rentang membran tunggal dan protein transmembran tiga jalur dengan tiga heliks alfa rentang membran.</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kredit gambar: gambar dimodifikasi dari OpenStax Biology, aslinya oleh Foobar/Wikimedia Commons.</em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Protein membran integral</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , seperti namanya, terintegrasi ke dalam membran: mereka memiliki setidaknya satu wilayah hidrofobik yang mengikatnya ke inti hidrofobik dari lapisan ganda fosfolipid. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa hanya menempel sebagian ke dalam membran, sementara yang lain meregang dari satu sisi membran ke sisi lain dan terbuka di kedua sisi</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-3" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^1</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mulai superskrip, 1, akhiri superskrip</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein yang memanjang sepanjang membran disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">protein transmembran</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian dari protein membran integral yang ditemukan di dalam membran bersifat hidrofobik, sedangkan bagian yang terpapar ke sitoplasma atau cairan ekstraseluler cenderung bersifat hidrofilik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein transmembran dapat melintasi membran hanya sekali, atau mungkin memiliki sebanyak dua belas bagian rentang membran yang berbeda. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Segmen rentang membran yang khas terdiri dari 20-25 asam amino hidrofobik yang tersusun dalam heliks alfa, meskipun tidak semua protein transmembran cocok dengan model ini. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa protein membran integral membentuk saluran yang memungkinkan ion atau molekul kecil lainnya lewat, seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah ini.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive svg-image" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 239px; max-width: 377px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 377px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 239.012px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img height="203" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/234a6b91810a43e7e7ea3e9cbe8c60dee6ad3cee.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 239px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 377px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">_Kredit gambar: " </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:QOGUelqL@9/Components-and-Structure" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Komponen dan struktur: Gambar 1</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ," oleh OpenStax College, Biology ( </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> )._</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Protein membran perifer</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ditemukan di permukaan luar dan dalam membran, melekat baik pada protein integral atau fosfolipid. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tidak seperti protein membran integral, protein membran perifer tidak menempel pada inti hidrofobik membran, dan cenderung lebih longgar.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karbohidrat</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karbohidrat adalah komponen utama ketiga dari membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Secara umum, mereka ditemukan di permukaan luar sel dan terikat baik pada protein (membentuk </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">glikoprotein</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) atau pada lipid (membentuk </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">glikolipid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Rantai karbohidrat ini dapat terdiri dari 2-60 unit monosakarida dan dapat lurus atau bercabang.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bersama dengan protein membran, karbohidrat ini membentuk penanda seluler yang khas, seperti tanda pengenal molekuler, yang memungkinkan sel untuk saling mengenali. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Penanda ini sangat penting dalam sistem kekebalan, memungkinkan sel-sel kekebalan untuk membedakan antara sel-sel tubuh, yang seharusnya tidak mereka serang, dan sel atau jaringan asing, yang seharusnya mereka serang.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fluiditas membran</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur ekor asam lemak fosfolipid penting dalam menentukan sifat-sifat membran, dan khususnya, bagaimana cairan itu.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Asam</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> lemak </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">jenuh</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap (jenuh dengan hidrogen), sehingga relatif lurus. </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Asam</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> lemak </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">tak</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> jenuh, di sisi lain, mengandung satu atau lebih ikatan rangkap, sering mengakibatkan tikungan atau ketegaran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">(Anda dapat melihat contoh bengkok, ekor tak jenuh dalam diagram struktur fosfolipid yang muncul sebelumnya dalam artikel ini.) Ekor asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh dari fosfolipid berperilaku berbeda saat suhu turun:</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada suhu yang lebih dingin, ekor lurus asam lemak jenuh dapat berkemas rapat, membuat membran padat dan cukup kaku.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fosfolipid dengan ekor asam lemak tak jenuh tidak dapat berkemas rapat karena struktur ekor yang bengkok. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena itu, membran yang mengandung fosfolipid tak jenuh akan tetap cair pada suhu yang lebih rendah daripada membran yang terbuat dari fosfolipid jenuh.</span></span></div></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagian besar membran sel mengandung campuran fosfolipid, beberapa dengan dua ekor jenuh (lurus) dan lainnya dengan satu ekor jenuh dan satu ekor tidak jenuh (membungkuk). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Banyak organisme—ikan adalah salah satu contohnya—dapat menyesuaikan diri secara fisiologis dengan lingkungan dingin dengan mengubah proporsi asam lemak tak jenuh dalam membrannya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh, lihat artikel tentang </span></span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/a/lipids" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">lipid</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Selain fosfolipid, hewan memiliki komponen membran tambahan yang membantu menjaga fluiditas. </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kolesterol</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , jenis lipid lain yang tertanam di antara fosfolipid membran, membantu meminimalkan efek suhu pada fluiditas.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive svg-image" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 296px; max-width: 440px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 440px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 295.987px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img height="215" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/3c778ddd16996562d42b93492880f74ef20f628a.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 295.987px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 440px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kredit gambar: " </span></span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cholesterol.svg" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kolesterol</span></span></a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ," oleh BorisTM (domain publik).</span></span></em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada suhu rendah, kolesterol meningkatkan fluiditas dengan menjaga fosfolipid agar tidak terbungkus rapat, sementara pada suhu tinggi, sebenarnya mengurangi fluiditas</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-4" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^{3,4}</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">3 </span></span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, </span></span></span><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mulai superskrip, 3, koma, 4, akhiri superskrip</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan cara ini, kolesterol memperluas kisaran suhu di mana membran mempertahankan fluiditas yang fungsional dan sehat.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph perseus-paragraph-centered" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Komponen membran plasma</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><thead style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><th scope="col" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Komponen</span></th><th scope="col" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lokasi</span></th></tr></thead><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fosfolipid</span></td><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kain utama membran</span></td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kolesterol</span></td><td style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Terselip di antara ekor hidrofobik membran fosfolipid</span></td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein integral</span></td><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tertanam dalam lapisan ganda fosfolipid; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mungkin atau mungkin tidak meluas melalui kedua lapisan</span></span></td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein perifer</span></td><td style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada permukaan dalam atau luar lapisan ganda fosfolipid, tetapi tidak tertanam di inti hidrofobiknya</span></td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karbohidrat</span></td><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Menempel pada protein atau lipid pada sisi ekstraseluler membran (membentuk glikoprotein dan glikolipid)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-25053426855266548632021-06-15T06:22:00.000-07:002021-06-15T06:22:38.505-07:00SISTEM ENDOMEMBRAN<p> </p><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pengantar</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mari kita bayangkan seandainya anda adalah sel pankreas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tugas Anda adalah mengeluarkan enzim pencernaan, yang berjalan ke usus halus dan membantu memecah makanan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Untuk melakukan pekerjaan ini, Anda harus mengirimkan enzim-enzim itu dari tempat sintesisnya di dalam sel ke tempat kerjanya di luar sel.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan sistem endomembran?</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sistem </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">endomembran</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">endo</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> - = "dalam") adalah sekelompok membran dan organel dalam sel eukariotik yang bekerja sama untuk memodifikasi, mengemas, dan mengangkut lipid dan protein. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini mencakup berbagai organel, seperti amplop nuklir dan lisosom, yang mungkin sudah Anda ketahui, dan retikulum endoplasma dan aparatus Golgi, yang akan kita bahas segera.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Meskipun secara teknis tidak berada di dalam sel, membran plasma juga merupakan bagian dari sistem endomembran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti yang akan kita lihat, membran plasma berinteraksi dengan organel endomembran lainnya, dan itu adalah tempat di mana protein yang disekresikan (seperti enzim pankreas di bagian pendahuluan) diekspor. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Catatan penting: sistem endomembran tidak termasuk mitokondria, kloroplas, atau peroksisom.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mari kita pahami lebih dekat bagian-bagian berbeda dari sistem endomembran dan bagaimana fungsinya dalam pengiriman protein dan lipid.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Retikulum endoplasma</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">retikulum endoplasma</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ER</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) memainkan peran kunci dalam modifikasi protein dan sintesis lipid. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini terdiri dari jaringan tubulus membran dan kantung pipih. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Cakram dan tubulus RE berongga, dan ruang di dalamnya disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lumen</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 26px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 32px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">RE kasar</span></h3></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">retikulum endoplasma kasar</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RE kasar</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) mendapatkan namanya dari ribosom bergelombang melekat ke permukaan sitoplasma nya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Saat ribosom ini membuat protein, mereka memberi makan rantai protein yang baru terbentuk ke dalam lumen. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa ditransfer sepenuhnya ke RE dan mengapung di dalam, sementara yang lain berlabuh di membran.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Di dalam RE, protein melipat dan mengalami modifikasi, seperti penambahan rantai samping karbohidrat. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein yang dimodifikasi ini akan dimasukkan ke dalam membran sel — membran RE atau organel lain — atau disekresikan dari sel.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika protein yang dimodifikasi tidak ditakdirkan untuk tinggal di RE, mereka akan dikemas ke dalam </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vesikel</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , atau bidang membran kecil yang digunakan untuk transportasi, dan dikirim ke aparatus Golgi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">RE kasar juga membuat fosfolipid untuk membran seluler lainnya, yang diangkut ketika vesikel terbentuk.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 867px; max-width: 2476px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 240.938px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Mikrograf dan diagram retikulum endoplasma. Mikrograf menunjukkan RE kasar sebagai rangkaian lipatan membran yang mengelilingi nukleus. Diagram memberikan representasi 3D RE kasar dan RE halus bersama dengan inti sel." aria-hidden="true" height="112" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/72da3487a687ff57e5c196fd1fd5ae334072b12a.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 240.938px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mikrograf dan diagram retikulum endoplasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mikrograf menunjukkan RE kasar sebagai rangkaian lipatan membran yang mengelilingi nukleus. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Diagram memberikan representasi 3D RE kasar dan RE halus bersama dengan inti sel.</span></span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">_Kredit gambar: kiri, " </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:ELU3gClJ@11/The-Endomembrane-System-and-Pr" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Sistem endomembran dan protein: Gambar 2</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> " oleh OpenStax College, Biology ( </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ), modifikasi karya Lousia Howard; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">benar, modifikasi " </span></span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Struktur sel hewan</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> " oleh Mariana Ruiz, domain publik_</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena RE kasar membantu memodifikasi protein yang akan disekresikan dari sel, sel yang tugasnya mensekresi sejumlah besar enzim atau protein lain, seperti sel hati, memiliki banyak RE kasar.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 26px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 32px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">RE halus</span></h3></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R</span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">etikulum endoplasma halus</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RE halus</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) kelanjutan dengan ER kasar tapi memiliki sedikit atau tidak ada ribosom di permukaannya sitoplasmiknya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi RE halus antara lain:</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="10" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sintesis karbohidrat, lipid, dan hormon steroid</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Detoksifikasi obat dan racun and</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Penyimpanan ion kalsium</span></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="11" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/muscles/v/role-of-the-sarcoplasmic-reticulum-in-muscle-cells" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">sel</a> otot<span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> jenis khusus RE halus yang disebut retikulum sarkoplasma bertanggung jawab untuk penyimpanan ion kalsium yang diperlukan untuk memicu kontraksi terkoordinasi dari serat otot.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="12" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada juga bercak kecil "halus" RE yang ditemukan di dalam RE kasar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Patch ini berfungsi sebagai tempat keluar untuk vesikel yang bertunas dari RE kasar dan disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RE transisional</strong><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-1" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^1</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mulai superskrip, 1, akhiri superskrip</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Aparatus Golgi</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika vesikel keluar dari UGD, kemana mereka pergi? </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebelum mencapai tujuan akhirnya, lipid dan protein dalam vesikel transpor perlu disortir, dikemas, dan diberi tag sehingga berakhir di tempat yang tepat. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Penyortiran, penandaan, pengemasan, dan distribusi ini terjadi di </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">aparatus</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> Golgi (badan Golgi), sebuah organel yang terdiri dari cakram membran yang pipih.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive svg-image" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 275px; max-width: 544px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 544px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 274.987px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Mikrograf aparatus Golgi menunjukkan serangkaian cakram membran pipih di penampang" aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/5d00f313c024c726cc0995e03a11424153dec024.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 274.987px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 544px;" tabindex="0" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mikrograf aparatus Golgi menunjukkan serangkaian cakram membran pipih di penampang</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">_Kredit gambar: " </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:ELU3gClJ@11/The-Endomembrane-System-and-Pr" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Sistem dan protein endomembran: Gambar 3</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> " oleh OpenStax College, Biology ( </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ), modifikasi karya Lousia Howard_</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sisi penerima aparatus Golgi disebut </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">wajah </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cis</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan sisi yang berlawanan disebut </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">wajah </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">trans</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Vesikel transpor dari RE berjalan ke permukaan </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cis</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , menyatu dengannya, dan mengosongkan isinya ke dalam lumen aparatus Golgi.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Saat protein dan lipid berjalan melalui Golgi, mereka mengalami modifikasi lebih lanjut. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Rantai pendek molekul gula dapat ditambahkan atau dihilangkan, atau gugus fosfat dilampirkan sebagai tag. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pengolahan karbohidrat ditunjukkan pada diagram sebagai percabangan naik dan turunnya cabang pada gugus karbohidrat ungu yang menempel pada protein.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 3479px; max-width: 2496px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 958.925px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Gambar menunjukkan transpor protein membran dari RE kasar melalui Golgi ke membran plasma. Protein awalnya dimodifikasi dengan penambahan rantai karbohidrat bercabang di RE kasar; rantai ini kemudian dipangkas kembali dan diganti dengan rantai percabangan lain di aparatus Golgi. Protein, dengan rangkaian akhir rantai karbohidratnya, kemudian diangkut ke membran plasma dalam vesikel transpor. Vesikel menyatu dengan membran plasma, lipid dan muatan proteinnya menjadi bagian dari membran plasma." aria-hidden="true" height="320" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/0effee87f40002dfe966cb61199940e69409f394.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 958.925px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="230" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambar menunjukkan transpor protein membran dari RE kasar melalui Golgi ke membran plasma. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein awalnya dimodifikasi dengan penambahan rantai karbohidrat bercabang di RE kasar; </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">rantai ini kemudian dipangkas kembali dan diganti dengan rantai percabangan lain di aparatus Golgi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein, dengan rangkaian akhir rantai karbohidratnya, kemudian diangkut ke membran plasma dalam vesikel transpor. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Vesikel menyatu dengan membran plasma, lipid dan muatan proteinnya menjadi bagian dari membran plasma.</span></span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">_Gambar dimodifikasi dari " </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:ELU3gClJ@11/The-Endomembrane-System-and-Pr" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Sistem dan protein endomembran: Gambar 1</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> " oleh OpenStax College, Biology ( </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ), modifikasi karya Magnus Manske_</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Akhirnya, protein yang dimodifikasi disortir (berdasarkan penanda seperti urutan asam amino dan label kimia) dan dikemas ke dalam vesikel yang tumbuh dari permukaan </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">trans</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> Golgi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa vesikel ini mengirimkan isinya ke bagian lain dari sel di mana mereka akan digunakan, seperti lisosom atau vakuola. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lainnya menyatu dengan membran plasma, memberikan protein berlabuh membran yang berfungsi di sana dan melepaskan protein yang disekresikan di luar sel.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel yang mensekresi banyak protein—seperti sel kelenjar ludah yang mensekresi enzim pencernaan, atau sel sistem kekebalan yang mensekresi antibodi—memiliki banyak tumpukan Golgi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada sel tumbuhan, aparatus Golgi juga membuat polisakarida (karbohidrat rantai panjang), beberapa di antaranya tergabung ke dalam dinding sel.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lisosom</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lisosom</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah organel yang mengandung enzim pencernaan dan bertindak sebagai fasilitas organel-daur ulang dari sel hewan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini memecah struktur lama dan tidak perlu sehingga molekulnya dapat digunakan kembali. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lisosom adalah bagian dari sistem endomembran, dan beberapa vesikel yang meninggalkan Golgi terikat ke lisosom.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lisosom juga dapat mencerna partikel asing yang dibawa ke dalam sel dari luar. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagai contoh, mari kita perhatikan kelas sel darah putih yang disebut makrofag, yang merupakan bagian dari sistem kekebalan manusia. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam proses yang dikenal sebagai </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fagositosis</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , bagian dari membran plasma makrofag berinvaginasi—melipat ke dalam—untuk menelan patogen, seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah ini.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1869px; max-width: 2550px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 504.225px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Diagram fagositosis, di mana fagosom yang dihasilkan oleh menelan partikel menyatu dengan lisosom, memungkinkan pencernaan partikel." aria-hidden="true" height="234" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/24d49f15c2fb18712409cbd7161ab02b8b26599c.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 504.225px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Diagram fagositosis, di mana fagosom yang dihasilkan oleh menelan partikel menyatu dengan lisosom, memungkinkan pencernaan partikel.</span></div></div></div></span><div class="perseus-image-caption" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.64); font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">_Kredit gambar: dimodifikasi dari " </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:ELU3gClJ@11/The-Endomembrane-System-and-Pr" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">Sistem dan protein endomembran: Gambar 4</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> " oleh OpenStax College, Biology ( </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> )_</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagian invaginasi, dengan patogen di dalamnya, terlepas dari membran plasma untuk membentuk struktur yang disebut fagosom. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fagosom kemudian menyatu dengan lisosom, membentuk kompartemen gabungan di mana enzim pencernaan menghancurkan patogen.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 26px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 32px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Vakuola</span></h3></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sel tumbuhan unik karena memiliki organel mirip lisosom yang disebut </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vakuola</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Vakuola pusat yang besar menyimpan air dan limbah, mengisolasi bahan berbahaya, dan memiliki enzim yang dapat memecah makromolekul dan komponen seluler, seperti lisosom.</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-2" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^3</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">potong dadu</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> Vakuola tumbuhan juga berfungsi dalam keseimbangan air dan dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan senyawa seperti racun dan pigmen (partikel berwarna).</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-3" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^4</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">mulai superskrip, 4, akhiri superskrip</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 26px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 32px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Lisosom vs. peroksisom</span></h3></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Satu hal yang dapat membingungkan adalah perbedaan antara lisosom dan peroksisom. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kedua jenis organel terlibat dalam pemecahan molekul dan menetralkan bahaya pada sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Juga, keduanya biasanya muncul sebagai gumpalan bulat kecil dalam diagram.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="10" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">peroksisom</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah organel yang berbeda dengan sifat dan perannya yang unik dalam sel. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini menampung enzim yang terlibat dalam reaksi oksidasi, yang menghasilkan hidrogen peroksida (</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-4" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">\teks H_2 \teks O_2</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.83333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">H</span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: 2px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;"></span></span><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">HAI</span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: 2px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;"></span></span><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">teks awal, H, teks akhir, subskrip awal, 2, subskrip akhir, teks awal, O, teks akhir, subskrip awal, 2, subskrip akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">) sebagai produk sampingan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim memecah asam lemak dan asam amino, dan mereka juga mendetoksifikasi beberapa zat yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, alkohol didetoksifikasi oleh peroksisom yang ditemukan di sel hati.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="11" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Yang penting, peroksisom—tidak seperti lisosom— </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bukan</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> bagian dari sistem endomembran. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Itu berarti mereka tidak menerima vesikel dari aparatus Golgi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana protein dikirim ke peroksisom dalam artikel tentang </span></span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/protein-targeting-and-traffic" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">penargetan protein</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-14038105670156574752021-06-07T21:06:00.027-07:002021-06-21T03:57:07.329-07:00BUKU PENGAYAAN LEMBAR KEGIATAN BIOLOGI<div style="text-align: justify;">Buku Lembar Kegiatan Biologi merupakan buku pengayaan yang dibuat dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan psikomotik dan kognitif siswa berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Keterampilan proses sain merupakan hal penting dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar sains, karena melalui keterampilan proses sains inilah siswa mampu menemukan dan mengembangkan fakta dan konsep-konsep Biologi serta menumbuhkan nilai-nilai Profil Pelajar Pancasila. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Buku ini ditujukan untuk kelas XII IPA, yang terdiri atas kumpulan lembar-lembar kerja siswa yang membantu siswa menemukan, membangun, dan mengaplikasikan konsep-konsep Biologi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alhamdulillah hasil dari pembelajaran online lembar-lembar panduan aktivitas belajar siswa disatukan dalam satu kesatuan menjadi pengayaan kegiatan praktik siswa, yang akan digunakan pada PTM tahun ajaran 2021/2022.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YToMOpvrqs7nFlMB1vc1yahID1rtMgt8B46PnLLJMAYS2p_VOn0L8aPqxJ_idaMhXYoQl5EJoX6Xe3ac1grZNxSQVCReTiMRIXAApKMGPSFaqMO60XzEzW_4_plRVGqm0WkVnpElL9Y/s1280/17.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="960" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3YToMOpvrqs7nFlMB1vc1yahID1rtMgt8B46PnLLJMAYS2p_VOn0L8aPqxJ_idaMhXYoQl5EJoX6Xe3ac1grZNxSQVCReTiMRIXAApKMGPSFaqMO60XzEzW_4_plRVGqm0WkVnpElL9Y/w300-h400/17.png" width="300" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk sampul muka atau cover buku ini adalah sebagai berikut!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFXANTIm2IFxWD6kBVrgPV1Zjqe4DpA6zeFeUiGjzYL5fthtDPhynpQIz-9ojWzPbjyy9L5-oOJmStu6gyao-KkcfnF3VsVVLG0XhBiWCkCrudPiHsqEXVlkMm9KimnsaS9T0VlVuM-o/s1173/4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1173" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFXANTIm2IFxWD6kBVrgPV1Zjqe4DpA6zeFeUiGjzYL5fthtDPhynpQIz-9ojWzPbjyy9L5-oOJmStu6gyao-KkcfnF3VsVVLG0XhBiWCkCrudPiHsqEXVlkMm9KimnsaS9T0VlVuM-o/w400-h279/4.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Isi buku ini terdiri atas 2 semester, dimulai dari pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada semester 1 sampai Bioteknologi semester 2 sebagai berikut:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1nYk-F9DEeexWeq5LjecNkAQwBnXDpdmR7vsfzeUQU8ZzLrjrthwxGxzxJOlRaOP3L5bvCfELR_-TfB0bmlVC5DnbfEVtF3sbK5uzGq9k3Ns8-Q5rYXDBxRJBhlWrDdZ9QKjIn9PMvM8/s1167/6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="1167" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1nYk-F9DEeexWeq5LjecNkAQwBnXDpdmR7vsfzeUQU8ZzLrjrthwxGxzxJOlRaOP3L5bvCfELR_-TfB0bmlVC5DnbfEVtF3sbK5uzGq9k3Ns8-Q5rYXDBxRJBhlWrDdZ9QKjIn9PMvM8/w400-h279/6.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7j7plKug82AxbuvcqwvavIepMIB0dYpFbyRavMvvHb5k-dFfMh-fLqnJHuCO7489uwvFnxvEaVyXNNqRE8B9o_MpXUuTcNNkiCseQ6bje5yweRXMZoUL8bDdM3MZNm4yNy76x-f-4fOg/s1177/7.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1177" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7j7plKug82AxbuvcqwvavIepMIB0dYpFbyRavMvvHb5k-dFfMh-fLqnJHuCO7489uwvFnxvEaVyXNNqRE8B9o_MpXUuTcNNkiCseQ6bje5yweRXMZoUL8bDdM3MZNm4yNy76x-f-4fOg/w400-h278/7.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvFKKrsUbDTDaRXN8nrkcaJSaAFAea7RBfpXKUWjzac0ayYt0Bklo71xwX527U4kSv0yqOKFBkA-ZZFIs8JyGNN13GXlNo7AWSJTvEzXIl9eWPv5VQyG_nZeLqmtWBkLdrUkDCn7KVt4o/s1177/3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1177" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvFKKrsUbDTDaRXN8nrkcaJSaAFAea7RBfpXKUWjzac0ayYt0Bklo71xwX527U4kSv0yqOKFBkA-ZZFIs8JyGNN13GXlNo7AWSJTvEzXIl9eWPv5VQyG_nZeLqmtWBkLdrUkDCn7KVt4o/w400-h281/3.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLkmjbB1JB1l6J2ZEprJEFHTidraYn8PLQ2sptOesDton_884eIpX8bcc9n3ZvhHTMqBtdUbsNVn_6WFK_aMfrmgCO5_MCiho4Gq3evGaziF9BfNtoFsAcd0hjIQhQtt1Ro_lGkXjn1n4/s1169/9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLkmjbB1JB1l6J2ZEprJEFHTidraYn8PLQ2sptOesDton_884eIpX8bcc9n3ZvhHTMqBtdUbsNVn_6WFK_aMfrmgCO5_MCiho4Gq3evGaziF9BfNtoFsAcd0hjIQhQtt1Ro_lGkXjn1n4/s320/9.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncKNofqf5aRbYrPP4RAKZAvQDrgjp6EsWXnZkR7sZkrCHddmQa5xtqai9c1RAiF3Gig3dOwJSn4IdFzd1jZ7VGQq7f_fiNqlkbGq85VfWXt1zCRSOpiCpQe0bhbBnEjezIZCcOkEpsWc/s1171/10.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1171" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncKNofqf5aRbYrPP4RAKZAvQDrgjp6EsWXnZkR7sZkrCHddmQa5xtqai9c1RAiF3Gig3dOwJSn4IdFzd1jZ7VGQq7f_fiNqlkbGq85VfWXt1zCRSOpiCpQe0bhbBnEjezIZCcOkEpsWc/w400-h279/10.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6TeSb3UckEVvqSIXB6eTHOCeEuFVaufMmcImIzozKls7hyphenhyphenjk_DOlQYREqZw_4Kd2Slh0ioLIfSpOLn3JjekweWOpbBkHjFyXPwpzN4YCz8Ojv-7jiPDgvY8xx5Qbo4eW9s62Lc_8xbrk/s1173/13.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="1173" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6TeSb3UckEVvqSIXB6eTHOCeEuFVaufMmcImIzozKls7hyphenhyphenjk_DOlQYREqZw_4Kd2Slh0ioLIfSpOLn3JjekweWOpbBkHjFyXPwpzN4YCz8Ojv-7jiPDgvY8xx5Qbo4eW9s62Lc_8xbrk/w400-h283/13.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk link naskah buku silahkan bisa di download gratis dan boleh digunakan untuk sekolah bapak dan Ibu guru atau anak-anak kelas XII. Semoga buku ini bisa membantu pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang konsep-konsep Biologi dan meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains siswa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Link Naskah Buku download <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zp0EI6WxX7No8uE0pNmxQbWTSNCBtJs5/view?usp=sharing">disini</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-47679981533336871902021-05-26T23:06:00.003-07:002021-05-26T23:21:39.726-07:00KLONNING DNA DAN DNA REKOMBINAN<h2 style="text-align: left;"> GAMBARAN UMUM KLONING DNA</h2><p><span face="Lato, "Noto Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-size: 16px;">Pengertian, tujuan, dan langkah dasar kloning DNA.</span></p><p><br /></p><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Rangkuman:</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kloning DNA</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah teknik biologi molekuler dalam membuat salinan identik dari sepotong DNA, seperti gen.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hal khusus dalam eksperimen kloning, adalah gen target dimasukkan ke dalam potongan DNA sirkuler yang disebut </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">plasmid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Plasmid dimasukkan kembali kedalam sel bakteri melalui proses yang disebut </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">transformasi.</strong></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri dengan plasmid yang terbentuk digunakan untuk membuat lebih banyak DNA plasmid atau, dalam beberapa kasus, diinduksi untuk mengekspresikan gen dan membuat protein.</span></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pendahuluan</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika kamu mendengar istilah "kloning", kamu mungkin berpikir tentang kloning seluruh organisme, seperti domba Dolly. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, yang dimaksud dengan </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mengkloning</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah membuat salinannya yang persis secara genetik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Di laboratorium biologi molekuler, yang paling sering dikloning adalah gen atau potongan kecil DNA lainnya.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ahli biologi molekuler, mengatakan bahwa "kloning" - maknanya bahwa dia tidak berhasil, menyalin potongan DNA, dan bukan kegagalan dalam membuat domba Dolly berikutnya!</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gambaran umum kloning DNA</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kloning DNA</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah proses membuat salinan identik dari DNA tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses kloning dilakukan pada untai DNA yang khas, berupa gen atau fragmen DNA lain yang diinginkan (mungkin gen untuk protein manusia yang bermanfaat secara medis) untai DNA khusus dimasukkan ke dalam potongan DNA </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">plasmid</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Penyisipan dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim yang "memotong (restriksi) dan menempel (ligase)" DNA, dan menghasilkan molekul </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">DNA rekombinan</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, atau DNA yang dirakit dari fragmen dari berbagai sumber.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 257px; max-width: 836px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 211.488px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img aria-hidden="true" height="98" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/1246f65e5c4d3741c85d8b43aa0175cc72368c90.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 211.488px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Diagram yang menunjukkan konstruksi molekul DNA rekombinan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sepotong melingkar DNA plasmid memiliki overhang di ujungnya yang cocok dengan fragmen gen. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fragmen plasmid dan gen bergabung bersama untuk menghasilkan plasmid yang mengandung gen. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Plasmid yang mengandung gen ini adalah contoh DNA rekombinan, atau molekul DNA yang dirakit dari DNA dari berbagai sumber.</span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Selanjutnya, plasmid rekombinan dimasukkan ke dalam bakteri. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri pembawa plasmid dipilih dan dibesarkan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Saat mereka bereproduksi, mereka mereplikasi plasmid rekombinan tersebut dan menyebarkannya ke keturunan mereka, membuat salinan DNA yang dikandungnya.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa gunanya membuat banyak salinan urutan DNA dalam plasmid? </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam beberapa kasus, kita membutuhkan banyak salinan DNA untuk melakukan eksperimen atau membangun plasmid baru. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam kasus lain, potongan DNA mengkode protein yang dibutuhkan manusia, dan bakteri digunakan sebagai "pabrik" untuk membuat protein. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, gen insulin manusia diekspresikan dalam </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bakteri E. coli</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> untuk membuat insulin yang digunakan oleh penderita diabetes.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Langkah-langkah kloning DNA</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kloning DNA digunakan untuk berbagai tujuan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebagai contoh, kloning DNA dapat digunakan untuk mensintesis protein (seperti insulin manusia) pada bakteri. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Langkah-langkah dasarnya adalah:</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ol start="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">'Gunting' plasmid dan "tempel" DNA target. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses ini bergantung pada enzim restriksi (enzim pemotong DNA) dan DNA ligase (enzim yang menyambung DNA).</span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Masukkan plasmid rekombinan ke dalam sel bakteri. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Gunakan seleksi antibiotik untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri yang mengambil plasmid.</span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tumbuhkan banyak bakteri pembawa plasmid dan gunakan sebagai "pabrik" untuk membuat protein. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Prosuk protein dari bakteri dan bersihkan dengan cara memisahkan produk dengan komponen bakteri.</span></span></div></li></ol></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">1. Memotong dan menempel DNA</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bagaimana untai DNA dari sumber berbeda digabungkan? </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode umum menggunakan dua jenis enzim: enzim restriksi dan enzim ligase</span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">enzim restriksi</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah enzim yang memotong DNA target secara berurutan dan pemotongan DNA menjadi dua bagian di area DNA tersebut. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim restriksi menghasilkan potongan DNA beruntai tunggal. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika dua molekul memiliki potongan yang sesuai, kedua potongan tersebut dapat menjadi pasangan basa dan saling menempel satu dengan yang lain. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tai kedua untai DNA tersebut tidak akan bergabung membentuk molekul DNA yang utuh sampai keduanya digabungkan dengan </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">DNA ligase</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan kloning adalah memasukkan gen target (misalnya, gen yang mengkode insulin manusia) ke dalam plasmid. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan menggunakan enzim restriksi digunakan untuk:</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Plasmid, yang memiliki satu area yang dapat dipotong potong</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fragmen gen target, memiliki area potongan di dekat setiap ujungnya</span></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, kami menggabungkan fragmen dengan DNA ligase, yang menghubungkannya untuk membuat plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung gen tersebut.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1111px; max-width: 1673px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 456.9px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Plasmid Rekombinan" aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/0443602e020570574d9fb12646ada12991a85b55.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 456.9px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Diagram yang menggambarkan destruksi dan ligasi restriksi dalam skema yang disederhanakan.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kami mulai dengan plasmid bakteri melingkar dan gen target. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Di dua ujung gen target terdapat situs restriksi, atau urutan DNA yang dikenali oleh enzim restriksi tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam plasmid, ada juga situs restriksi yang dikenali oleh enzim yang sama, tepat setelah promotor yang akan mendorong ekspresi pada bakteri.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Baik plasmid dan gen target (secara terpisah) dicerna dengan enzim restriksi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fragmen dimurnikan dan digabungkan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka memiliki "ujung lengket" yang cocok, atau DNA beruntai tunggal yang menggantung, sehingga mereka bisa saling menempel.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Enzim DNA ligase bergabung dengan fragmen dengan ujung yang cocok untuk membentuk molekul DNA tunggal yang tidak terputus. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini menghasilkan plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung gen target.</span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2. Transformasi dan seleksi bakteri</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Plasmid dan DNA lain dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bakteri, seperti </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">E. coli yang</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> tidak berbahaya yang </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">digunakan di laboratorium, dalam proses yang disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">transformasi</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Selama </span></span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/a/bacterial-transformation-selection" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">transformasi</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , sel bakteri yang disiapkan secara khusus diberi kejutan (seperti suhu tinggi) yang mendorong mereka untuk mengambil DNA asing.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 317px; max-width: 833px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 261.85px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/18d195a4cad40d49c5c552aeeb99417a4076fc22.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 261.85px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" title="DNA yang dihasilkan oleh ligasi (yang mungkin merupakan campuran dari plasmid yang diinginkan, produk samping plasmid, dan potongan DNA linier) ditambahkan ke bakteri. Bakteri diberi kejutan panas, yang membuatnya lebih mudah mengambil DNA melalui transformasi. Namun, hanya sebagian kecil dari bakteri yang berhasil mengambil plasmid." /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA yang dihasilkan oleh ligasi (yang mungkin merupakan campuran dari plasmid yang diinginkan, produk samping plasmid, dan potongan DNA linier) ditambahkan ke bakteri. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri diberi kejutan panas, yang membuatnya lebih mudah mengambil DNA melalui transformasi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Namun, hanya sebagian kecil dari bakteri yang berhasil mengambil plasmi</span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Plasmid biasanya mengandung </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gen resistensi antibiotik</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , yang memungkinkan bakteri bertahan hidup dengan adanya antibiotik tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian, bakteri yang mengambil plasmid dapat dipiih</span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> pada pelat nutrisi yang mengandung antibiotik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri tanpa plasmid akan mati, sedangkan bakteri pembawa plasmid dapat hidup dan berkembang biak. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap bakteri yang masih hidup akan menghasilkan kelompok kecil, seperti titik, atau </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">koloni</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , bakteri identik yang semuanya membawa plasmid yang sama.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 338px; max-width: 836px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 278.15px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Panel kiri: Diagram plasmid, menunjukkan bahwa plasmid mengandung gen resistensi antibiotik. Panel kanan: semua bakteri hasil transformasi ditempatkan di piring antibiotik. Bakteri tanpa plasmid akan mati karena antibiotik. Setiap bakteri dengan plasmid membuat koloni, atau sekelompok bakteri klonal yang semuanya mengandung plasmid yang sama. Koloni yang khas terlihat seperti titik kecil keputihan seukuran kepala peniti." aria-hidden="true" height="129" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/3a023cb01d35b629dcc1d246a85ee79dad847b81.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 278.15px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Panel kiri: Diagram plasmid, menunjukkan bahwa plasmid mengandung gen resistensi antibiotik.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Panel kanan: semua bakteri hasil transformasi ditempatkan di piring antibiotik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri tanpa plasmid akan mati karena antibiotik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setiap bakteri dengan plasmid membuat koloni, atau sekelompok bakteri klonal yang semuanya mengandung plasmid yang sama. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Koloni yang khas terlihat seperti titik kecil keputihan seukuran kepala peniti.</span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tidak semua koloni mengandung plasmid yang tepat. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Itu karena, selama ligasi, fragmen DNA tidak selalu "ditempel" persis seperti yang kita inginkan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sebaliknya, kita harus mengumpulkan DNA dari beberapa koloni dan melihat apakah masing-masing mengandung plasmid yang tepat. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Metode seperti pemecahan enzim restriksi</span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> dan PCR</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> biasanya digunakan untuk memeriksa plasmid.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">3. Produksi protein</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setelah kami menemukan koloni bakteri dengan plasmid yang tepat, kami dapat menumbuhkan kultur besar bakteri pembawa plasmid. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kemudian, kami memberi bakteri sinyal kimia yang memerintahkan mereka untuk membuat protein target.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri berfungsi sebagai "pabrik" mini, yang menghasilkan protein dalam jumlah besar. Misalnya, jika plasmid kita mengandung gen insulin manusia, bakteri akan mulai mentranskripsikan gen tersebut dan menerjemahkan mRNA untuk menghasilkan banyak molekul protein insulin manusia. </span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 650px; max-width: 1988px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 224.975px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Koloni yang dipilih dibesarkan dalam kultur besar (mis., Labu 1 liter). Bakteri dalam kultur besar diinduksi untuk mengekspresikan gen yang terkandung dalam plasmid, menyebabkan gen tersebut ditranskripsi menjadi mRNA, dan mRNA tersebut diterjemahkan menjadi protein. Protein yang dikodekan oleh gen terakumulasi di dalam bakteri." aria-hidden="true" height="105" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/249e3aa16a629a4461015a5b39ceaa80836764d3.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 224.975px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" width="320" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Koloni yang dipilih dibesarkan dalam kultur besar (mis., Labu 1 liter). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bakteri dalam kultur besar diinduksi untuk mengekspresikan gen yang terkandung dalam plasmid, menyebabkan gen tersebut ditranskripsi menjadi mRNA, dan mRNA tersebut diterjemahkan menjadi protein. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein yang dikodekan oleh gen terakumulasi di dalam bakteri.</span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Setelah protein diproduksi, sel bakteri dapat dibelah untuk melepaskannya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada banyak protein dan makromolekul lain yang beredar di dalam bakteri selain protein target (misalnya, insulin). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena itu, protein target harus </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dimurnikan</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, atau dipisahkan dari isi sel lainnya dengan teknik biokimia. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein yang dimurnikan dapat digunakan untuk eksperimen atau, dalam kasus insulin, diberikan kepada pasien.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kegunaan kloning DNA</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Molekul DNA yang dibangun melalui teknik kloning digunakan untuk banyak tujuan dalam biologi molekuler. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Daftar contoh singkatnya meliputi:</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Biofarmasi. </strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kloning DNA dapat digunakan untuk membuat protein manusia dengan aplikasi biomedis, seperti insulin yang disebutkan di atas. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh lain dari protein rekombinan termasuk hormon pertumbuhan manusia, yang diberikan kepada pasien yang tidak dapat mensintesis hormon, dan aktivator plasminogen jaringan (tPA), yang digunakan untuk mengobati stroke dan mencegah penggumpalan darah. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Protein rekombinan seperti ini sering dibuat dari bakteri.</span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terapi gen. </strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada beberapa kelainan genetik, pasien kekurangan bentuk fungsional dari gen tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Terapi gen mencoba memberikan salinan gen normal ke sel-sel tubuh pasien. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, kloning DNA digunakan untuk membangun plasmid yang mengandung versi normal dari gen yang tidak berfungsi dalam fibrosis kistik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika plasmid dikirim ke paru-paru pasien fibrosis kistik, fungsi paru-paru memburuk lebih cepat</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-1" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">^ 2</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">kuadrat</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">.</span></span></span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Analisis gen. </strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Di laboratorium penelitian dasar, ahli biologi sering menggunakan kloning DNA untuk membangun versi gen rekombinan buatan yang membantu mereka memahami bagaimana gen normal dalam suatu organisme berfungsi.</span></div></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini hanyalah beberapa contoh bagaimana kloning DNA digunakan dalam biologi saat ini. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kloning DNA adalah teknik yang sangat umum yang digunakan dalam berbagai macam aplikasi biologi molekuler.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h2></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7484822976501756325.post-11045867276076818122021-05-26T18:15:00.001-07:002021-05-26T18:16:18.381-07:00P C R (REAKSI BERANTAI POLIMERISASI))<div class="_1st4cjo2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 32px !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_8h3xvi" style="-webkit-box-align: center !important; -webkit-box-direction: normal !important; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal !important; -webkit-box-pack: justify !important; align-items: center !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex !important; flex-flow: row nowrap !important; font: inherit; justify-content: space-between !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="_1l44zfj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(33, 36, 44) !important; font-family: inherit !important; font-size: 35px !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 37px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Reaksi berantai polimerase (PCR)</span></h1></div></div><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Teknik yang digunakan untuk memperkuat, atau membuat banyak salinan, wilayah target DNA tertentu.</span> </p><p><br /></p><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Rangkuman:</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polymerase chain reaction</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, atau </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PCR</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, adalah teknik yang digunakan membuat banyak salinan DNA dengan urutan tertentu </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">secara in vitro</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (dalam lab atau tabung reaksi).</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">PCR membutuhkan keberadaan DNA polimerase termostabil, </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Taq</span></span></em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> polimerase</span></span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, dan memerlukan DNA </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">primer</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> yang </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">dirancang khusus urutan DNA yang diinginkan.</span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam PCR, reaksi berulang kali didaur ulang melalui serangkaian perubahan suhu, yang memungkinkan terbentuknya banyak salinan daerah target diproduksi.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">PCR memiliki banyak penelitian dan aplikasi praktis. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini secara rutin digunakan dalam kloning DNA, diagnostik medis, dan analisis DNA forensik.</span></span></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Apa itu PCR?</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polymerase chain reaction</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ( </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PCR</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ) adalah teknik laboratorium umum yang digunakan untuk membuat banyak salinan (jutaan bahkan milyaran salinan DNA) dengan urutan DNA tertentu. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Urutan DNA ini biasanya apapun yang diminati pelaku eksperimen. Misalnya, peneliti ingin memahami fungsi gen tertentu, atau memahami penanda genetik yang digunakan oleh ilmuwan forensik untuk mencocokkan DNA yang ditemukan di TKP dengan DNA tersangka.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tujuan PCR adalah membuat banyak urutan DNA target sehingga dapat dianalisis atau digunakan dengan cara lain. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, DNA yang diamplifikasi oleh PCR dapat dikirim untuk diurutkan</span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , divisualisasikan dengan </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-sequencing-pcr-electrophoresis/a/gel-electrophoresis" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">elektroforesis gel</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> , atau </span><a class="_8gcxk83" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/a/overview-dna-cloning" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">diklon</a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ke dalam plasmid bakteri untuk penlitian lebih lanjut.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">PCR digunakan di banyak bidang biologi dan kedokteran, termasuk penelitian biologi molekuler, diagnostik medis, dan bahkan beberapa cabang ekologi.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Taq polimerase</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Sama halnya dengan proses replikasi DNA </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">dalam tubuh organisme, PCR membutuhkan enzim DNA polimerase yang membuat untaian DNA baru, menggunakan untai yang ada sebagai templat. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA polimerase yang digunakan dalam PCR disebut </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Taq</span></span></em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> polimerase</span></span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, setelah bakteri tahan panas yang diisolasi ( </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">T</span></span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> hermus </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">aq</span></span></strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> uaticus</span></span></em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> ).</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T. aquaticus</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> hidup di mata air panas dan ventilasi hidrotermal. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA polimerase-nya sangat tahan panas dan paling aktif di sekitarnya</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-1" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">70 ° \ teks C</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">7 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">° </span></span></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">70, °, teks awal, C, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">(suhu di mana </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA polimerase </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">manusia atau </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">E. coli</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> tidak akan berfungsi). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Stabilitas panas ini membuat Tag polimerase menjdi ideal digunakan dalam PCR. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti yang akan kita lihat, suhu tinggi digunakan berulang kali dalam PCR untuk </span></span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mengubah sifat</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> DNA template, atau memisahkan untaiannya.</span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Primer PCR</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Seperti DNA polimerase lainnya, DNA tag polimerase</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> hanya dapat membuat DNA jika ada DNA </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">primer. DNA primer </strong><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">adalah </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">urutan pendek nukleotida yang memberikan titik awal untuk sintesis DNA. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam reaksi PCR, DNA primer bertindak sebagai pelaku eksperimen yang menentukan wilayah DNA yang akan disalin, atau diperbanyak, oleh DNA primer .</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA Primer PCR adalah potongan pendek DNA untai tunggal, biasanya di sekelilingnya </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-2" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">20</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2 0 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">20</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">nukleotida panjangnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dua DNA primer digunakan dalam setiap reaksi PCR, dan dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga mengapit wilayah target (wilayah yang harus disalin). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Artinya, mereka diberi urutan yang akan membuat mereka mengikat untaian berlawanan dari DNA cetakan, tepat di tepi wilayah yang akan disalin. DNA </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Primer mengikat ke templat dengan pasangan basa komplementer.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 775px; max-width: 1972px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 270.375px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Templat DNA: 5 'TATCAGATCCATGGAGT ... GAGTACTAGTCCTATGAGT 3' 3 'ATAGTCTAGGTACCTCA ... CTCATGATCAGGATACTCA 5' Primer 1: 5 'CAGATCCATGG 3' Primer 2:
" aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/6d0650905be0b38de294f614a5449d9559d3387a.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 270.375px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA template:</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5 'TATCAGATCCATGGAGT ... GAGTACTAGTCCTATGAGT 3' 3 'ATAGTCTAGGTACCTCA ... CTCATGATCAGGATACTCA 5'</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Primer 1: 5 'CAGATCCATGG 3' Primer 2:</span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ketika primer terikat ke templat, mereka dapat diperpanjang oleh DNA polimerase, dan daerah yang terletak di antara mereka akan disalin.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1137px; max-width: 2229px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 350.938px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/10bfd1ddbb384800fba4021760d503ffa3287576.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 350.938px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-inline" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_167wsvl" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_pupwzyp" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="_13sgcdp7 _7n4oib" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #005987; cursor: pointer !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic !important; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0">[More detailed diagram showing DNA and primer directionality]</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Langkah-langkah PCR</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bahan utama dari reaksi PCR adalah 1) </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Taq</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> polimerase, 2) DNA primer, 3). DNA cetakan, dan 4) nukleotida. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Bahan-bahan tersebut dirakit dalam sebuah tabung, bersama dengan kofaktor yang dibutuhkan oleh enzim, dan melalui siklus pemanasan dan pendinginan berulang kali memungkinkan untai DNA disintesis.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Langkah-langkah dasarnya adalah:</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ol start="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Denaturasi</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-3" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">96 ° \ teks C</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">9 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">6 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">° </span></span></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">96, °, teks awal, C, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">): Pemanasan digunakan untuk memisahkan, atau mengubah sifat, untai DNA. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Proses ini menyediakan template untai tunggal untuk langkah berikutnya.</span></span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anil</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-4" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">55</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">55</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-readonly="true" class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" role="textbox" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: normal;"><nobr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 23.4px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: 0px; width: 8px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(54.1px, 23400px, 66px, -9px); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -63px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 63px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 7.9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: -1px; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></span><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-5" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">65</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">6 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">65</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-6" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">° \ teks C</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">° </span></span></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">°, teks awal, C, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">): Dinginkan reaksi sehingga DNA primer dapat mengikat urutan komplementernya pada DNA cetakan untai tunggal.</span></div></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ekstensi</strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> (</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-7" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">72 ° \ teks C</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">7 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">° </span></span></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">C</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">72, °, teks awal, C, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">): Naikkan suhu reaksi sehingga </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Taq</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> polymerase memperluas DNA primer, mensintesis untaian DNA baru.</span></div></li></ol></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 2300px; max-width: 2202px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 718.612px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/a60b6fd1cd6918686c67e7d1559d070e7b154e20.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 718.612px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Siklus ini berulang </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-8" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">25</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">25</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-readonly="true" class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" role="textbox" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: normal;"><nobr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 23.4px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: 0px; width: 8px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(54.1px, 23400px, 66px, -9px); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -63px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 63px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 7.9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: -1px; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></span><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-9" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">35</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">3 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">35</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> kali dalam reaksi PCR yang khas, yang biasanya memakan waktu </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-10" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-10" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-readonly="true" class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" role="textbox" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: normal;"><nobr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 23.4px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: 0px; width: 8px;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(54.1px, 23400px, 66px, -9px); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -63px; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 63px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-bottom-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 7.9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: -1px; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></span><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-11" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-11" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">jam, tergantung pada panjang untai DNA yang sedang disalin. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jika reaksinya efisien (bekerja dengan baik), untai benang target dapat berubah dari satu atau beberapa salinan bahkan menjadi miliaran salinan.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pada proses ini bukan hanya DNA asli yang digunakan sebagai templat utama. Tapi </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">DNA baru yang terbentuk dalam satu putaran dapat berfungsi sebagai templat di putaran sintesis DNA berikutnya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ada banyak salinan primer dan banyak molekul tag </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">polimerase </span></span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yang</em><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> mengambang di sekitar reaksi, sehingga jumlah molekul DNA kira-kira bisa berlipat ganda di setiap putaran siklus. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pola pertumbuhan eksponensial ini ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1163px; max-width: 2538px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 315.237px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/41f0e0fd8b49ba824db0eb707015557bb72ae72b.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 315.237px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Menggunakan elektroforesis gel untuk memvisualisasikan hasil PCR</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Hasil reaksi PCR biasanya divisualisasikan menggunakan</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> </span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elektroforesis gel. </strong><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Elektroforesis gel ini</span><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">adalah teknik di mana fragmen DNA ditarik melalui matriks gel oleh arus listrik, dan memisahkan fragmen DNA menurut ukurannya. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Standar, atau tangga DNA, biasanya disertakan sehingga ukuran fragmen dalam sampel PCR dapat ditentukan.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Fragmen DNA dengan panjang yang sama membentuk "pita" pada gel, yang dapat dilihat dengan mata jika gel diwarnai dengan pewarna pengikat DNA. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, reaksi PCR menghasilkan a</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-12" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">400</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">4 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-12" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">400</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> pecahan base pair (bp) akan terlihat seperti ini pada gel:</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 833px; max-width: 1560px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 367.388px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Jalur kiri: Tangga DNA dengan pita 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 bp. Jalur kanan: hasil reaksi PCR, pita pada 400 bp." aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/ecbfa010188ad927cbe7fb5c37aea3c74a63b8da.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 367.388px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jalur kiri: Tangga DNA dengan pita 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 bp.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Jalur kanan: hasil reaksi PCR, pita pada 400 bp.</span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Pita DNA berisi banyak sekali salinan dari daerah DNA target, tidak hanya satu atau beberapa salinan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Karena DNA mikroskopis, banyak salinannya harus ada sebelum kita dapat melihatnya dengan mata. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Ini adalah bagian besar mengapa PCR adalah alat penting: PCR menghasilkan salinan yang cukup dari urutan DNA sehingga kita dapat melihat atau memanipulasi untai DNA tersebut.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Aplikasi PCR</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Menggunakan PCR, untai DNA dapat ditambahkan jutaan atau milyaran kali, menghasilkan salinan DNA yang cukup untuk dianalisis menggunakan teknik lain. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, DNA dapat divisualisasikan dengan elektroforesis gel, dikirim untuk mengurutkan</span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, atau dipecah dengan enzim restriksi dan </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">dikloning menjadi plasmid.</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">PCR banyak digunakan di laboratorium penelitian, dan juga memiliki aplikasi praktis dalam forensik, pengujian genetik, dan diagnostik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalnya, PCR digunakan untuk memperkuat gen yang terkait dengan kelainan genetik dari DNA pasien (atau dari DNA janin, dalam kasus pengujian prenatal). </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">PCR juga dapat digunakan untuk menguji bakteri atau virus DNA dalam tubuh pasien: jika ada patogen, dimungkinkan untuk memperkuat daerah DNA-nya dari sampel darah atau jaringan.</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="clearfix" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Noto Sans", Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Contoh masalah: PCR dalam forensik</span></h2></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Misalkan Anda bekerja di lab forensik. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Anda baru saja menerima sampel DNA dari rambut yang tertinggal di TKP, bersama dengan sampel DNA dari tiga tersangka. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Tugas mu adalah memeriksa penanda genetik tertentu dan melihat apakah salah satu dari ketiga tersangka cocok dengan DNA rambut untuk penanda ini.</span></span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Penanda datang dalam dua alel, atau versi. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Satu berisi satu pengulangan (bagian berwarna cokelat di bawah), sedangkan yang lainnya berisi dua salinan pengulangan. </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Dalam reaksi PCR dengan primer yang mengapit daerah berulang, alel pertama menghasilkan a</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-13" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">200</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">2 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-13" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">200</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-14" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">\ text {bp}</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.88888em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">bp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-14" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">teks awal, b, p, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> Fragmen DNA, sedangkan yang kedua menghasilkan a </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-15" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">300</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">3 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0 </span></span></span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-15" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">300</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-16" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: KaTeX_Main, "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">\ text {bp}</span></span></annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: min-content;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.88888em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">bp</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-16" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">teks awal, b, p, teks akhir</span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> Fragmen DNA:</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 333px; max-width: 1560px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 146.887px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Alel penanda 1: primer mengapit daerah berulang memperkuat fragmen 200 bp dari Alel penanda DNA 2: primer mengapit daerah berulang memperkuat fragmen DNA 300 bp" aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/4eefa96d9b288f7f3f61472f9ccb4d48ce0bb1fd.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 146.887px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div><span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Alel penanda 1: primer mengapit daerah berulang memperkuat fragmen DNA 200 bp</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Alel penanda 2: primer mengapit daerah berulang memperkuat fragmen 300 bp DNA</span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Kamu melakukan PCR pada empat sampel DNA dan memvisualisasikan hasilnya dengan elektroforesis gel, seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah ini:</span></div></div><div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-image-widget" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 897px; max-width: 1560px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 395.6px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><img alt="Gel memiliki lima jalur: Jalur pertama: tangga DNA dengan pita 100, 200, 300, 400, dan 500 bp. Jalur kedua: DNA dari TKP, pita 200 bp. Jalur Ketiga: DNA Tersangka # 1, pita 300 bp. Jalur keempat: Tersangka DNA # 2, pita 200 dan 300 bp. Jalur kelima: Tersangka # 3 DNA, pita 200 bp." aria-hidden="true" src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/52a0b83a7bb7efb826707dcea5d5b40f5ead03c5.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font: inherit; height: 395.6px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" tabindex="0" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>prestasiherfen.blogger.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07522961638538930802noreply@blogger.com0